A Proposed Bidirectional Three-Level dc-dc Power Converter for Applications in Smart Grids: An Experimental Validation

The integration of renewable energy sources (RES), energy storage systems (ESS), and electric mobility into smart grids requires the use of dc-dc back-end power converters for adjusting voltage levels. Although a dc-dc converter applied for RES only operates in unidirectional mode, when applied to ESS or EM, the bidirectional mode is a fundamental requisite for exchanging power with the electrical power grid. In this context, this paper presents an experimental validation of a proposed bidirectional three-level dc-dc converter considering its application for smart grids. Traditionally, the dc-dc power converters of such applications are two-level converters. However, by employing a three-level topology, it is possible to improve the quality of the variables controlled by the power converter. Moreover, since the proposed dc-dc converter is controlled to produce a controlled current, the proposed current control and modulation strategies are introduced and described. A complete analysis of the operation principle of the proposed bidirectional three-level dc-dc power converter is presented, supported by experimental validation, employing a laboratory prototype.

[1]  P. Eguía,et al.  Energy management of micro renewable energy source and electric vehicles at home level , 2017 .

[2]  Fushuan Wen,et al.  Optimal Dispatch of Electric Vehicles and Wind Power Using Enhanced Particle Swarm Optimization , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics.

[3]  Mo-Yuen Chow,et al.  A Survey on the Electrification of Transportation in a Smart Grid Environment , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics.

[4]  Willett Kempton,et al.  Vehicle-to-grid power implementation: From stabilizing the grid to supporting large-scale renewable energy , 2005 .

[5]  John Shen,et al.  System architecture of a modular direct-DC PV charging station for plug-in electric vehicles , 2010, IECON 2010 - 36th Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics Society.

[6]  Chadi Assi,et al.  Demand-Side Management by Regulating Charging and Discharging of the EV, ESS, and Utilizing Renewable Energy , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics.

[7]  Philippe Delarue,et al.  The Ultracapacitor-Based Controlled Electric Drives With Braking and Ride-Through Capability: Overview and Analysis , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[8]  D. Maksimovic,et al.  Photovoltaic power system with integrated electric vehicle DC charger and enhanced grid support , 2012, 2012 15th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (EPE/PEMC).

[9]  Abhisek Ukil,et al.  Hybrid Optimization for Economic Deployment of ESS in PV-Integrated EV Charging Stations , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics.

[10]  Sanzhong Bai,et al.  Review of non-isolated bi-directional DC-DC converters for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle charge station application at municipal parking decks , 2010, 2010 Twenty-Fifth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC).

[11]  Taehyung Kim,et al.  Novel Energy Conversion System Based on a Multimode Single-Leg Power Converter , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[12]  Philippe Delarue,et al.  A Bidirectional Three-Level DC–DC Converter for the Ultracapacitor Applications , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[13]  John Shen,et al.  Control strategy of a multi-port, grid connected, direct-DC PV charging station for plug-in electric vehicles , 2010, 2010 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition.

[14]  H. Vincent Poor,et al.  Cost Minimization of Charging Stations With Photovoltaics: An Approach With EV Classification , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems.

[15]  Carlos Couto,et al.  Model predictive current control of a proposed single-switch three-level active rectifier applied to EV battery chargers , 2016, IECON 2016 - 42nd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society.

[16]  L.M. Tolbert,et al.  Multilevel DC–DC Power Conversion System With Multiple DC Sources , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[17]  Deepak Divan,et al.  Flexible electric vehicle (EV) charging to meet renewable portfolio standard (RPS) mandates and minimize green house Gas emissions , 2010, 2010 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition.

[18]  Alireza Khaligh,et al.  Battery, Ultracapacitor, Fuel Cell, and Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Electric, Hybrid Electric, Fuel Cell, and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles: State of the Art , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[19]  João Luiz Afonso,et al.  Novel single-phase five-level VIENNA-type rectifier with model predictive current control , 2017, IECON 2017 - 43rd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society.

[20]  Saraju P. Mohanty,et al.  Toward the Vision of All-Electric Vehicles in a Decade [Energy and Security] , 2019, IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine.

[21]  Ahmed Yousuf Saber,et al.  Plug-in Vehicles and Renewable Energy Sources for Cost and Emission Reductions , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[22]  Ali M. Bazzi,et al.  Electric Machines and Energy Storage: Over a Century of Technologies in Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles , 2018, IEEE Electrification Magazine.

[23]  Ching Chuen Chan,et al.  Integrated Energy Management of Plug-in Electric Vehicles in Power Grid With Renewables , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[24]  João Luiz Afonso,et al.  Experimental Validation of a Three-Port Integrated Topology to Interface Electric Vehicles and Renewables With the Electrical Grid , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics.

[25]  Carlos Couto,et al.  Experimental Validation of a Novel Architecture Based on a Dual-Stage Converter for Off-Board Fast Battery Chargers of Electric Vehicles , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[26]  João Luiz Afonso,et al.  Model Predictive Control Applied to an Improved Five-Level Bidirectional Converter , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[27]  João L. Afonso,et al.  A Novel Multilevel Bidirectional Topology for On-Board EV Battery Chargers in Smart Grids , 2018, Energies.

[28]  Alireza Khaligh,et al.  Comparative Analysis of Bidirectional Three-Level DC–DC Converter for Automotive Applications , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.