Performance comparison of DC and AC controllers for a two-stage power converter in energy storage application

Abstract This paper presents a procedure for modelling and controlling a single-phase, two-stage, bidirectional DC–AC converter for application of energy storage system (ESS) in autonomous microgrids, in addition to experimental verification of its uninterruptible power supply (UPS) functionality. Average theory and frequency analysis are utilized to model the power converters and design the controllers in a generic fashion. Performance comparison of different controllers (type-2 and type-3 Venable compensators, Proportional Integral, Resonant-PI and multiple-RPI) is realised through simulations and tests. To tune the controllers, parameter values of crossover frequency and phase margin are adjusted by comparing simulation responses of the converters. A 5-kW ESS is evaluated through simulations during normal operation (grid-connected or stand-alone mode), as well as under transition events such as disconnection and recovery of the main grid. Besides that, a 100-W system was implemented, in which grid-connected mode was evaluated by measuring the power factor (about 0.998 in simulation and 0.993 in test at rated power), while stand-alone mode was evaluated by the total harmonic distortion of the output voltage (about 1.57% in simulation and 2.35% in test at rated power). The presented procedure can also be used to design higher power systems.

[1]  Josep M. Guerrero,et al.  Current control loop design and analysis based on resonant regulators for microgrid applications , 2015, IECON 2015 - 41st Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society.

[2]  Bong-Hwan Kwon,et al.  Improved single-phase line-interactive UPS , 2001, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron..

[3]  Jorge L. Duarte,et al.  Line-Interactive UPS Using a Fuel Cell as the Primary Source , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[4]  Jih-Sheng Lai,et al.  Design of Parallel Inverters for Smooth Mode Transfer Microgrid Applications , 2009, 2009 Twenty-Fourth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition.

[5]  S. M. Ayob,et al.  Design of a current mode PI controller for a single-phase PWM inverter , 2011, 2011 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Colloquium (IAPEC).

[6]  R. Wu,et al.  A PWM AC to DC converter with fixed switching frequency , 1988, Conference Record of the 1988 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting.

[7]  Marcelo Gradella Villalva,et al.  Approximate method for modeling and control of a two-stage power converter , 2017, 2017 IEEE 8th International Symposium on Power Electronics for Distributed Generation Systems (PEDG).

[8]  Emerson G. Carati,et al.  Evaluation of control strategies for LCL grid-tied distributed generation systems , 2015, 2015 IEEE 13th Brazilian Power Electronics Conference and 1st Southern Power Electronics Conference (COBEP/SPEC).

[9]  Alessandro Costabeber,et al.  Inverter control strategy for DG systems based on the Conservative power theory , 2013, 2013 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition.

[10]  Marco Liserre,et al.  Analysis of the frequency-based control of a master/slave micro-grid , 2016 .

[11]  Yaow-Ming Chen,et al.  Bidirectional Single-Stage Grid-Connected Inverter for a Battery Energy Storage System , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[12]  P.F. Seixas,et al.  A three-phase line-interactive UPS system implementation with series-parallel active power-line conditioning capabilities , 2001, Conference Record of the 2001 IEEE Industry Applications Conference. 36th IAS Annual Meeting (Cat. No.01CH37248).

[13]  M.D. Manjrekar,et al.  A Reconfigurable Uninterruptible Power Supply System for Multiple Power Quality Applications , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[14]  Robert Lasseter,et al.  Smart Distribution: Coupled Microgrids , 2011, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[15]  Andrew Cruden,et al.  Dynamic model of a lead acid battery for use in a domestic fuel cell system , 2006 .

[16]  Juan C. Vasquez,et al.  Control Strategy for Flexible Microgrid Based on Parallel Line-Interactive UPS Systems , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[17]  A. Engler,et al.  Droop control in LV-grids , 2005, 2005 International Conference on Future Power Systems.

[18]  Ioan Serban,et al.  Control Strategy of Three-Phase Battery Energy Storage Systems for Frequency Support in Microgrids and with Uninterrupted Supply of Local Loads , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[19]  Federico Milano,et al.  Modeling, Simulation, and Comparison of Control Techniques for Energy Storage Systems , 2017 .

[20]  Josep M. Guerrero,et al.  Dynamics Assessment of Advanced Single-Phase PLL Structures , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[21]  Andrew D. Paquette,et al.  Providing Improved Power Quality in Microgrids: Difficulties in Competing with Existing Power-Quality Solutions , 2014, IEEE Industry Applications Magazine.

[22]  Antoneta Iuliana Bratcu,et al.  Control of energy storage systems for three-phase applications , 2015, 2015 19th International Conference on System Theory, Control and Computing (ICSTCC).

[23]  Robert W. Erickson,et al.  Fundamentals of Power Electronics , 2001 .

[24]  Seung-Ki Sul,et al.  Novel topology of a line interactive UPS using PQR instantaneous power theory , 2004, Conference Record of the 2004 IEEE Industry Applications Conference, 2004. 39th IAS Annual Meeting..

[25]  Reza Iravani,et al.  Voltage-Sourced Converters in Power Systems: Modeling, Control, and Applications , 2010 .

[26]  Josep M. Guerrero,et al.  Line-Interactive UPS for Microgrids , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[27]  Wenhua Liu,et al.  Next-Generation Multi-Functional Modular Intelligent UPS System for Smart Grid , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[28]  Tarcio Andre dos Santos Barros,et al.  Design methodology of P-res controllers with harmonic compensation for three-phase DC-AC grid-tie inverters with LCL output filter , 2014, COMPEL 2014.

[29]  M. Liserre,et al.  A novel three-phase single-stage distributed power inverter , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.