Exploring individual user differences in the 2D/3D interaction with medical image data

User-centered design is often performed without regard to individual user differences. In this paper, we report results of an empirical study aimed to evaluate whether computer experience and demographic user characteristics would have an effect on the way people interact with the visualized medical data in a 3D virtual environment using 2D and 3D input devices. We analyzed the interaction through performance data, questionnaires and observations. The results suggest that differences in gender, age and game experience have an effect on people’s behavior and task performance, as well as on subjective user preferences.

[1]  Stephen J. Westerman,et al.  Individual differences in human-computer interaction , 1993 .

[2]  Daniel C. Robbins,et al.  Three-dimensional widgets , 1992, I3D '92.

[3]  Arie E. Kaufman,et al.  Virtual input devices for 3D systems , 1993, Proceedings Visualization '93.

[4]  Waldemar Karwowski,et al.  International Encyclopedia of Ergonomics and Human Factors, Second Edition - 3 Volume Set , 2006 .

[5]  Nathan W. Hartman,et al.  Virtual reality-based spatial skills assessment and its role in computer graphics education , 2006, SIGGRAPH '06.

[6]  Ronald R. Schmeck,et al.  Individual differences in cognition , 1983 .

[7]  Joseph L. Gabbard,et al.  Usability Evaluation Techniques: a N O Vel Method for Assessing the Usability of an Immersive Medical Visualization Ve , 1999 .

[8]  Elena V. Zudilova-Seinstra.  Combining desktop and virtual realities. Addressing demands of real life clinical environments , 2006 .

[9]  Grigore C. Burdea,et al.  Treating Psychological and Physical Disorders with VR , 2022 .

[10]  Bernhard Preim,et al.  Comparison of 2D and 3D Input Devices for Virtual Endoscopy , 2007 .

[11]  Piet Kommers,et al.  The role of stereopsis in virtual anatomical learning , 2008, Interact. Comput..

[12]  William Schroeder,et al.  The Visualization Toolkit: An Object-Oriented Approach to 3-D Graphics , 1997 .

[13]  D Waller,et al.  Individual differences in spatial learning from computer-simulated environments. , 2000, Journal of experimental psychology. Applied.

[14]  Renee L. Babcock,et al.  Age and Experience Effects in Spatial Visualization , 1990 .

[15]  James D. Foley,et al.  The human factors of computer graphics interaction techniques , 1984, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications.

[16]  Marilyn Tremaine,et al.  Understanding visualization through spatial ability differences , 2005, VIS 05. IEEE Visualization, 2005..

[17]  Albert A. Rizzo,et al.  Gender Issues in the Use of Virtual Environments , 1999, Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw..

[18]  T. Landauer,et al.  Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction , 1997 .

[19]  Albert A. Rizzo,et al.  Virtual environment applications in clinical neuropsychology , 2000, Proceedings IEEE Virtual Reality 2000 (Cat. No.00CB37048).

[20]  R C Williges,et al.  Assaying and Isolating Individual Differences in Searching a Hierarchical File System , 1987, Human factors.

[21]  Peter M. A. Sloot,et al.  Bringing combined interaction to a problem solving environment for vascular reconstruction , 2005, Future Gener. Comput. Syst..

[22]  Peter M. A. Sloot,et al.  Context analysis to support development of virtual reality applications , 2004, Virtual Reality.

[23]  Stacey Beth Plichta ScD,et al.  Statistics for Nursing and Allied Health , 2008 .

[24]  Ray E. Eberts.  User interface design , 1994, Prentice Hall international series in industrial and systems engineering.

[25]  Robert van Liere,et al.  Widget manipulation revisited: a case study in modeling interactions between experimental conditions , 2007, EGVE'07.

[26]  Robert Rohling,et al.  Evaluating Different Radiology Workstation Interaction Techniques with Radiologists and Laypersons , 2005, Journal of Digital Imaging.

[27]  Frederick P. Brooks.  What's Real About Virtual Reality? , 1999, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications.

[28]  W. Buxton.  Human-Computer Interaction , 1988, Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

[29]  Joe Tullio,et al.  Usability analysis of 3D rotation techniques , 1997, UIST '97.

[30]  Sigal Eden,et al.  Virtual Reality as a Tool for Improving Spatial Rotation among Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children , 2001, Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw..

[31]  Doug A. Bowman,et al.  Exploring individual differences in raybased selection: strategies and traits , 2005, IEEE Proceedings. VR 2005. Virtual Reality, 2005..

[32]  Ivan Poupyrev,et al.  3D User Interfaces: Theory and Practice , 2004 .

[33]  Dieter Schmalstieg,et al.  A Hybrid User Interface for Manipulation of Volumetric Medical Data , 2006, 3D User Interfaces (3DUI'06).

[34]  Lucio Grandinetti,et al.  Advanced Infrastructures for Future Healthcare , 2000 .

[35]  D. Lohman.  Spatial ability and g. , 1993 .

[36]  Donald B. Johnson,et al.  Testbed Evaluation of Virtual Environment Interaction Techniques , 1999, Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments.

[37]  Mark S. Redfern,et al.  Balance NAVE: a virtual reality facility for research and rehabilitation of balance disorders , 2001, VRST '01.

[38]  J. H. C. Reiber,et al.  Automatic segmentation and plaque characterization in atherosclerotic carotid artery MR images , 2004, Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine.

[39]  H. Hoffman,et al.  Effectiveness of Virtual Reality–Based Pain Control With Multiple Treatments , 2001, The Clinical journal of pain.

[40]  Andreas Rößler,et al.  Performance Evaluation of Input Devices in Virtual Environments , 1998, Designing Effective and Usable Multimedia Systems.

[41]  M. Stella Atkins,et al.  Designing Better Radiology Workstations: Impact of Two User Interfaces on Interpretation Errors and User Satisfaction , 2005, Journal of Digital Imaging.

[42]  R. Barnard.  Cognition and Second Language Instruction , 2003 .

[43]  R. Baños,et al.  Virtual reality treatment of claustrophobia: a case report. , 1998, Behaviour research and therapy.

[44]  Ronald R. Mourant,et al.  Human Factors Issues in Virtual Environments: A Review of the Literature , 1998, Presence.

[45]  Diana Gagnon,et al.  Videogames and spatial skills: An exploratory study , 1985 .

[46]  Earl Hunt,et al.  Spatial Representations of Virtual Mazes: The Role of Visual Fidelity and Individual Differences , 2001, Hum. Factors.

[47]  P M Sloot.  Simulation and visualisation in medical diagnosis: perspectives and computational requirements. , 2000, Studies in health technology and informatics.

[48]  J. Pratt,et al.  Playing an Action Video Game Reduces Gender Differences in Spatial Cognition , 2007, Psychological science.

[49]  Roger Smith,et al.  Spatial Visualization: Fundamentals and Trends in Engineering Graphics , 2001 .

[50]  Jeffrey Nichols,et al.  Interacting at a distance: measuring the performance of laser pointers and other devices , 2002, CHI.

[51]  W. Karwowski.  International encyclopedia of ergonomics and human factors , 2001 .

[52]  Suvranu De,et al.  Improving the visual realism of virtual surgery. , 2005, Studies in health technology and informatics.

[53]  Chris R. Johnson.  Top Scientific Visualization Research Problems , 2004, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications.

[54]  Earl Hunt,et al.  Age differences in the speed of mental rotation , 1982 .