Fabrication, Characterization and Thermo- physical Property Evaluation of SiC Nanofluids for Heat Transfer Applications

Nanofluids (NFs) are nanotechnology-based colloidal suspensions fabricated by suspending nanoparticles (NPs) in a base liquid. These fluids have shown potential to improve the heat transfer prop- erties of conventional heat transfer fluids. In this study we report in detail on fabrication, characterization and thermo-physical property evaluation of SiC NFs, prepared using SiC NPs with different crystal structures, for heat transfer applications. For this purpose, a series of SiC NFs containing SiC NPs with different crys- tal structure (�-SiC and �-SiC) were fabricated in a water (W)/ethylene glycol (EG) mixture (50/50 wt% ratio). Physicochemical properties of NPs/NFs were characterized by using various techniques, such as pow- der X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Zeta potential analysis. Thermo-physical properties including thermal conductivity (TC) and viscosity for NFs containing SiC particles (�- and�- phase) weremeasured. The results show among all suspensions NFs fabricated with�-SiC particles have more favorable thermo-physical properties compared to the NFs fabricated with�-SiC.The observed dif- ference is attributed to combination of several factors, including crystal structure (�- vs. �-), sample purity, and residual chemicals exhibited on SiCNFs. A TC enhancement of �20% while 14% increased viscosity were obtained for NFs containing 9 wt% of particular type of�-SiC NPs indicating promising capability of this kind of NFs for further heat transfer characteristics investigation.

[1]  H. Masuda,et al.  ALTERATION OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY AND VISCOSITY OF LIQUID BY DISPERSING ULTRA-FINE PARTICLES. DISPERSION OF AL2O3, SIO2 AND TIO2 ULTRA-FINE PARTICLES , 1993 .

[2]  A. Sclafani,et al.  Comparison of the Photoelectronic and Photocatalytic Activities of Various Anatase and Rutile Forms of Titania in Pure Liquid Organic Phases and in Aqueous Solutions , 1996 .

[3]  Young I Cho,et al.  HYDRODYNAMIC AND HEAT TRANSFER STUDY OF DISPERSED FLUIDS WITH SUBMICRON METALLIC OXIDE PARTICLES , 1998 .

[4]  J. Eastman,et al.  Measuring Thermal Conductivity of Fluids Containing Oxide Nanoparticles , 1999 .

[5]  William W. Yu,et al.  ANOMALOUSLY INCREASED EFFECTIVE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITIES OF ETHYLENE GLYCOL-BASED NANOFLUIDS CONTAINING COPPER NANOPARTICLES , 2001 .

[6]  E. Grulke,et al.  Anomalous thermal conductivity enhancement in nanotube suspensions , 2001 .

[7]  Marek Kosmulski,et al.  The significance of the difference in the point of zero charge between rutile and anatase. , 2002, Advances in colloid and interface science.

[8]  Marek Kosmulski,et al.  The pH-dependent surface charging and the points of zero charge. , 2002, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[9]  Sarit K. Das,et al.  Thermal conductivities of naked and monolayer protected metal nanoparticle based nanofluids: Manifestation of anomalous enhancement and chemical effects , 2003 .

[10]  V. Colvin,et al.  Adsorption of cadmium on anatase nanoparticles-effect of crystal size and pH. , 2004, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[11]  P. F. Vassallo,et al.  Pool boiling heat transfer experiments in silica–water nano-fluids , 2004 .

[12]  Haifeng Zhu,et al.  A novel one-step chemical method for preparation of copper nanofluids. , 2004, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[13]  Benjamin Gilbert,et al.  Molecular-Scale Processes Involving Nanoparticulate Minerals in Biogeochemical Systems , 2005 .

[14]  K. Kamada,et al.  Incorporation of Oxide Nanoparticles into Barrier-Type Alumina Film via Anodic Oxidation Combined with Electrophoretic Deposition , 2005 .

[15]  D. Cahill,et al.  Nanofluids for thermal transport , 2005 .

[16]  J. Banfield,et al.  Nanoparticulate Iron Oxide Minerals in Soils and Sediments: Unique Properties and Contaminant Scavenging Mechanisms , 2005 .

[17]  Yulong Ding,et al.  Formulation of nanofluids for natural convective heat transfer applications , 2005 .

[18]  G. Peterson,et al.  Experimental investigation of temperature and volume fraction variations on the effective thermal conductivity of nanoparticle suspensions (nanofluids) , 2006 .

[19]  Rebecca Cheung,et al.  Silicon Carbide Microelectromechanical Systems for Harsh Environments , 2006 .

[20]  Yansheng Yin,et al.  EFFECTS OF NANOPARTICLE CLUSTERING AND ALIGNMENT ON THERMAL CONDUCTIVITIES OF FE3O4 AQUEOUS NANOFLUIDS , 2006 .

[21]  C. T. Nguyen,et al.  Temperature and particle-size dependent viscosity data for water-based nanofluids : Hysteresis phenomenon , 2007 .

[22]  Daniel E. Giammar,et al.  Effects of particle size and crystalline phase on lead adsorption to titanium dioxide nanoparticles , 2007 .

[23]  D. Das,et al.  Experimental investigation of viscosity and specific heat of silicon dioxide nanofluids , 2007 .

[24]  Gang Chen,et al.  Enhanced thermal conductivity and viscosity of copper nanoparticles in ethylene glycol nanofluid , 2008 .

[25]  A. Mujumdar,et al.  A review on nanofluids - part I: theoretical and numerical investigations , 2008 .

[26]  K. Wong,et al.  Transport properties of alumina nanofluids , 2008, Nanotechnology.

[27]  A. Hamidi,et al.  The effects of temperature, volume fraction and vibration time on the thermo-physical properties of a carbon nanotube suspension (carbon nanofluid) , 2008, Nanotechnology.

[28]  Pratim Biswas,et al.  Does nanoparticle activity depend upon size and crystal phase? , 2008, Nanotoxicology.

[29]  Marek Kosmulski,et al.  pH-dependent surface charging and points of zero charge. IV. Update and new approach. , 2009, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science.

[30]  R. Andrievski.  SYNTHESIS, STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF NANOSIZED SILICON CARBIDE , 2009 .

[31]  Yulong Ding,et al.  Ultrasound-assisted green synthesis of nanocrystalline ZnO in the ionic liquid [hmim][NTf2]. , 2009, Ultrasonics sonochemistry.

[32]  Pratim Biswas,et al.  Characterization of size, surface charge, and agglomeration state of nanoparticle dispersions for toxicological studies , 2009 .

[33]  In Cheol Bang,et al.  Characteristic stability of bare Au-water nanofluids fabricated by pulsed laser ablation in liquids , 2009 .

[34]  E. Timofeeva,et al.  An investigation of silicon carbide-water nanofluid for heat transfer applications , 2009 .

[35]  Rahman Saidur,et al.  Performance investigation of an automotive car radiator operated with nanofluid-based coolants (nanofluid as a coolant in a radiator) , 2010 .

[36]  David S. Smith,et al.  Particle size and interfacial effects on thermo-physical and heat transfer characteristics of water-based α-SiC nanofluids , 2010, Nanotechnology.

[37]  Madhusree Kole,et al.  Viscosity of alumina nanoparticles dispersed in car engine coolant , 2010 .

[38]  S. Senthilraja,et al.  Nanofluid Applications in Future Automobiles: Comprehensive Review of Existing Data , 2010 .

[39]  E. Timofeeva,et al.  Nanofluids for heat transfer: an engineering approach , 2011, Nanoscale research letters.

[40]  E. Timofeeva,et al.  Base fluid and temperature effects on the heat transfer characteristics of SiC in ethylene glycol/H2O and H2O nanofluids , 2011 .

[41]  K. Lee,et al.  Enhancement of thermal conductivity of ethylene glycol based silver nanofluids , 2011 .

[42]  K. M. Kumar,et al.  Analysis of Nanofluids as Cutting Fluid in Grinding EN-31 Steel , 2011 .

[43]  Pratim Biswas,et al.  Role of Surface Area, Primary Particle Size, and Crystal Phase on Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle Dispersion Properties , 2010, Nanoscale research letters.

[44]  Park Sung Dae,et al.  Investigation of viscosity and thermal conductivity of SiC nanofluids for heat transfer applications , 2011 .

[45]  Huaqing Xie,et al.  Experimental investigation on thermal conductivity and viscosity of aluminum nitride nanofluid , 2011 .

[46]  B. Raj,et al.  Synthesis, characterization, and thermal property measurement of nano-Al95Zn05 dispersed nanofluid prepared by a two-step process , 2011 .

[47]  Novel nanofluids based on mesoporous silica for enhanced heat transfer , 2011 .

[48]  Controlling the Properties of Solvent-free Fe3O4 Nanofluids by Corona Structure , 2012 .

[49]  Screening Single Phase Laminar Convective Heat Transfer of Nanofluids in a Micro-tube , 2012 .

[50]  A. N. Shetty,et al.  Synthesis of Copper Nanofluids Using Ascorbic Acid Reduction Method Via One Step Solution Phase Approach , 2012 .

[51]  Oman Zuas,et al.  Synthesis of Nanostructured Copper-doped Titania and Its Properties , 2013 .