Development of GIS-MCDA

This chapter traces the roots of GIS-MCDA and focuses on recent developments in GIS-MCDA research. It describes two research traditions underlying the development of GIS-MCDA: Operations Research and Management Sciences (OR/MS) and landscape architecture/planning. The research interests of these two traditions meet at the application of their approaches to land use planning and management. This common research interest resulted, inter alia, in establishing the GIS-MCDA paradigm. Based on a survey of relevant publications, this chapter presents a taxonomy and development of GIS-MCDA research and applications.

[1]  Jacek Malczewski,et al.  GIS–Multicriteria Evaluation with Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA): Case Study of Developing Watershed Management Strategies , 2003 .

[2]  Kamal Jain,et al.  Spatial Multicriteria Analysis for Siting Groundwater Polluting Industries , 2008 .

[3]  Ersin Türk,et al.  Determination of Optimum Environmental Conservation: Using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Techniques , 2011 .

[4]  Derya Ozturk,et al.  Implementation of GIS-Based multicriteria Decision Analysis with VB in ArcGIS , 2011, Int. J. Inf. Technol. Decis. Mak..

[5]  C. Giupponi,et al.  A multicriteria approach for mapping risks of agricultural pollution for water resources: The Venice Lagoon watershed case study , 1999 .

[6]  Robert G. Cromley,et al.  Scale-independent Land-use Allocation Modeling in Raster GIS , 2003 .

[7]  René F. Reitsma,et al.  Object-oriented Simulation and Evaluation of River Basin Operations , 1997 .

[8]  P. Torrens,et al.  Geosimulation: Automata-based modeling of urban phenomena , 2004 .

[9]  Antonella Zucca,et al.  Application of spatial multi-criteria analysis to site selection for a local park: a case study in the Bergamo Province, Italy. , 2008, Journal of environmental management.

[10]  Bart Muys,et al.  Comparing multiple criteria decision methods to extend a geographical information system on afforestation , 2005 .

[11]  Salem Chakhar,et al.  Please Scroll down for Article International Journal of Geographical Information Science Gis-based Multicriteria Spatial Modeling Generic Framework Gis-based Multicriteria Spatial Modeling Generic Framework , 2022 .

[12]  Luís Santos,et al.  A Multiobjective Approach to Locate Emergency Shelters and Identify Evacuation Routes in Urban Areas , 2009 .

[13]  G. Heuvelink,et al.  Using Linear Integer Programming for Multi-Site Land-Use Allocation , 2003 .

[14]  N. Crossman,et al.  Systematic regional planning for multiple objective natural resource management. , 2005, Journal of environmental management.

[15]  Oswald Marinoni,et al.  Implementation of the analytical hierarchy process with VBA in ArcGIS , 2004, Comput. Geosci..

[16]  Jacek Malczewski,et al.  GIS and Multicriteria Decision Analysis , 1999 .

[17]  Ilan Vertinsky,et al.  A Hierarchical-GIS-Based Decision Model for Forest Management: The Systems Approach , 1994 .

[18]  Piotr Jankowski,et al.  Integrating Geographical Information Systems and Multiple Criteria Decision-Making Methods , 1995, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[19]  M. Gilpin,et al.  Constructing Cell-Based Habitat Patches Useful in Conservation Planning , 2003 .

[20]  Eliane Gonçalves Gomes,et al.  Integrating Geographical Information Systems and Multi-Criteria Methods: A Case Study , 2002, Ann. Oper. Res..

[21]  Wang Yin Chai,et al.  A Multiobjective Hybrid Metaheuristic Approach for GIS-based Spatial Zoning Model , 2004, J. Math. Model. Algorithms.

[22]  Xiang Li,et al.  GIS-Based Multicriteria Evaluation for Investment Environment , 1997 .

[23]  Domenico Grasso,et al.  Floating Spatial Domain Averaging in Surface Soil Remediation , 2000 .

[24]  David A. Bennett,et al.  Exploring the Solution Space of Semi‐structured Geographical Problems Using Genetic Algorithms , 1999, Trans. GIS.

[25]  T. Foresman.  The history of geographic information systems : perspectives from the pioneers , 1998 .

[26]  P. Gessler,et al.  An heuristic approach for mapping landslide hazard by integrating fuzzy logic with analytic hierarchy process , 2006 .

[27]  David Evans,et al.  Spatial-temporal model for demand and allocation of waste landfills in growing urban regions , 2004, Comput. Environ. Urban Syst..

[28]  El-Ghazali Talbi,et al.  Metaheuristics - From Design to Implementation , 2009 .

[29]  Peter Haggett,et al.  Models in geography , 1968 .

[30]  J. Neumann,et al.  Theory of games and economic behavior , 1945, 100 Years of Math Milestones.

[31]  Russell L. Ackoff,et al.  Introduction to operations research , 1957 .

[32]  C. Tomlin.  Geographic information systems and cartographic modeling , 1990 .

[33]  Carolyn M. Hall,et al.  Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science , 1971 .

[34]  Luís Alçada-Almeida,et al.  Solving a location-routing problem with a multiobjective approach: the design of urban evacuation plans , 2012 .

[35]  Christopher J. Brookes,et al.  A Parameterized Region-Growing Programme for Site Allocation on Raster Suitability Maps , 1997, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[36]  Abraham Charnes,et al.  Management Models and Industrial Applications of Linear Programming , 1961 .

[37]  Claus Rinner,et al.  Exploring multicriteria decision strategies in GIS with linguistic quantifiers: A case study of residential quality evaluation , 2005, J. Geogr. Syst..

[38]  I. Mcharg.  Design With Nature , 1969 .

[39]  Timo Pukkala,et al.  Application of ant colony optimization for the risk management of wind damage in forest planning , 2007 .

[40]  Henk J. Scholten,et al.  Geographical information systems for urban and regional planning , 1990 .

[41]  Daniel A. Keim,et al.  Geovisual analytics for spatial decision support: Setting the research agenda , 2007, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[42]  José Rui Figueira,et al.  Spatial Aggregation and Compactness of Census Areas with a Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm: A Case Study in Canada , 2012 .

[43]  Michael Batty,et al.  Planning Support Systems , 2017, Encyclopedia of GIS.

[44]  David A. Bennett,et al.  Using Evolutionary Algorithms to Generate Alternatives for Multiobjective Site-Search Problems , 2002 .

[45]  Jacek Malczewski,et al.  On the Use of Weighted Linear Combination Method in GIS: Common and Best Practice Approaches , 2000, Trans. GIS.

[46]  John R. Weeks,et al.  Assessing vulnerability to earthquake hazards through spatial multicriteria analysis of urban areas , 2003, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[47]  Simon French,et al.  Multi-Objective Decision Analysis with Engineering and Business Applications , 1983 .

[48]  J. T. Diamond,et al.  Design of an Integrated Spatial Information System for Multiobjective Land-Use Planning , 1988 .

[49]  Michael Batty,et al.  GIS, spatial analysis, and modeling , 2005 .

[50]  Buyang Cao,et al.  Applying GIS and OR Techniques to Solve Sears Technician-Dispatching and Home Delivery Problems , 1999, Interfaces.

[51]  J. Zhou,et al.  Using Genetic Learning Neural Networks for Spatial Decision Making in GIs , 1996 .

[52]  Luis A. Bojórquez-Tapia,et al.  GIS-based approach for participatory decision making and land suitability assessment , 2001, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[53]  C.C. de Araujo,et al.  Multicriteria Geologic Data Analysis for Mineral Favorability Mapping: Application to a Metal Sulphide Mineralized Area, Ribeira Valley Metallogenic Province, Brazil , 2002 .

[54]  Istvan Bogardi,et al.  Decision of water supply line under uncertainty , 2000 .

[55]  Jean-Marc Martel,et al.  A spatial decision aid: A multicriterion evaluation approach , 1996 .

[56]  Robert G. Cromley,et al.  Coupling land use allocation models with raster GIS , 1999, J. Geogr. Syst..

[57]  James D. Dickinson,et al.  Landscape Evaluation for Restoration Planning on the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest, USA , 2013 .

[58]  Ayse Can.  Residential quality assessment , 1992 .

[59]  F. Wu,et al.  Simulation of Land Development through the Integration of Cellular Automata and Multicriteria Evaluation , 1998 .

[60]  Susan Craw,et al.  Implementation of a spatial decision support system for rural land use planning: integrating geographic information system and environmental models with search and optimisation algorithms , 1999 .

[61]  Thomas L. Saaty,et al.  Parametric Objective Function (Part 1) , 1954, Oper. Res..

[62]  B. Hobbs.  A COMPARISON OF WEIGHTING METHODS IN POWER PLANT SITING , 1980 .

[63]  David Butler,et al.  Spatial ordered weighted averaging: incorporating spatially variable attitude towards risk in spatial multi-criteria decision-making , 2006, Environ. Model. Softw..

[64]  Keith M. Reynolds,et al.  An Overview of the Ecosystem Management Decision-Support System , 2014 .

[65]  Reimund P. Rötter,et al.  Integration of Systems Network (SysNet) tools for regional land use scenario analysis in Asia , 2005, Environ. Model. Softw..

[66]  Inés Santé-Riveira,et al.  Original paper: GIS-based planning support system for rural land-use allocation , 2008 .

[67]  Paul H. Calamai,et al.  A multi-objective optimization approach to urban school bus routing: Formulation and solution method , 1995 .

[68]  J. Waaub,et al.  An integrated decision aid system for the development of Saint Charles River alluvial plain, Quebec, Canada , 1999 .

[69]  J. Pinto,et al.  NCGIA National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis Testing Technology Transfer Hypotheses in GIS Environments Using a Case Study Approach , 1992 .

[70]  Luis A. Bojórquez-Tapia,et al.  Environmental conflicts and nature reserves: redesigning Sierra San Pedro Mártir National Park, Mexico , 2004 .

[71]  Claus Rinner,et al.  The Spatial Dimensions of Multi-Criteria Evaluation - Case Study of a Home Buyer's Spatial Decision Support System , 2006, GIScience.

[72]  Valentina Ferretti.  A Multicriteria- Spatial Decision Support System (MC-SDSS) development for siting a landfill in the Province of Torino (Italy) , 2011 .

[73]  Lucien Duckstein,et al.  A Multiple Criteria Decision-Making Approach to GIS-Based Land Suitability Evaluation , 1993, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[74]  Keith C. Clarke,et al.  Multi‐criteria evaluation and least‐cost path analysis for optimal haulage routing of dump trucks in large scale open‐pit mines , 2009, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[75]  Christopher L. Lant,et al.  Using GIS-Based Ecological-Economic Modeling to Evaluate Policies Affecting Agricultural Watersheds , 2005 .

[76]  David J. Maguire,et al.  Geographical Information Systems , 1993 .

[77]  Eastman J. Ronald,et al.  RASTER PROCEDURES FOR MULTI-CRITERIA/MULTI-OBJECTIVE DECISIONS , 1995 .

[78]  C. L. Burton,et al.  Decision support to assist environmental sedimentology modelling , 2003 .

[79]  Helen Couclelis.  Requirements for planning-relevant GIS: A spatial perspective , 1991 .

[80]  G. Brent Hall,et al.  International Journal of Geographical Information Science , 2022 .

[81]  Cheng-Min Feng,et al.  Using a genetic algorithm to generate alternative sketch maps for urban planning , 1999 .

[82]  Alan T. Murray,et al.  Optimizing Public Transit Quality and System Access: The Multiple-Route, Maximal Covering/Shortest-Path Problem , 2005 .

[83]  Piet Rietveld,et al.  Spatial Dimensions in Multicriteria Analysis , 2019, Spatial Multicriteria Decision Making and Analysis.

[84]  P. Jankowski,et al.  Integration of GIS-Based Suitability Analysis and Multicriteria Evaluation in a Spatial Decision Support System for Route Selection , 1994 .

[85]  Yan Liu,et al.  Modelling Urban Development with Geographical Information Systems and Cellular Automata , 2008 .

[86]  Paul Schonfeld,et al.  Using GIS, Genetic Algorithms, and Visualization in Highway Development , 2001 .

[87]  Robert G. Cromley,et al.  An Automated Multi-Criteria Cartographic Aid for Point Annotation , 2002 .

[88]  Michael F. Goodchild,et al.  An Ontology‐Driven Framework and Web Portal for Spatial Decision Support 1 , 2012, Trans. GIS.

[89]  Stephen J. Carver,et al.  Integrating multi-criteria evaluation with geographical information systems , 1991, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[90]  Jacek Malczewski,et al.  GIS-based land-use suitability analysis: a critical overview , 2004 .

[91]  Britton Harris,et al.  Beyond Geographic Information Systems , 1989 .

[92]  Piotr Jankowski,et al.  Impact of proximity-adjusted preferences on rank-order stability in geographical multicriteria decision analysis , 2010, Journal of Geographical Systems.

[93]  J. B. Grau,et al.  Assessing multi-criteria approaches with environmental, economic and social attributes, weights and procedures: A case study in the Pampas, Argentina , 2011 .

[94]  Xiaoping Liu,et al.  Ant intelligence for solving optimal path‐covering problems with multi‐objectives , 2009, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[95]  Theodor J. Stewart,et al.  A genetic algorithm approach to multiobjective land use planning , 2004, Comput. Oper. Res..

[96]  Jacek Malczewski,et al.  Measuring consensus for collaborative decision-making: A GIS-based approach , 2010, Comput. Environ. Urban Syst..

[97]  Suzana Dragicevic,et al.  Integration of multicriteria evaluation and cellular automata methods for landslide simulation modelling , 2013 .

[98]  Richard L. Church,et al.  An interface for exploring spatial alternatives for a corridor location problem , 1992 .

[99]  Xiaoping Liu,et al.  Intelligent GIS for solving high‐dimensional site selection problems using ant colony optimization techniques , 2009, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[100]  Ron Janssen,et al.  Evaluating Spatial Design Techniques for Solving Land-use Allocation Problems , 2005 .

[101]  Brad Carter,et al.  Locally weighted linear combination in a vector geographic information system , 2014, J. Geogr. Syst..

[102]  P. Hessburg,et al.  Making Transparent Environmental Management Decisions: Applications of the Ecosystem Management Decision Support System , 2014 .

[103]  David Pullar,et al.  Understanding landscapes through knowledge management frameworks, spatial models, decision support tools and visualisation , 2008 .

[104]  Ni-Bin Chang,et al.  Strategic Planning of Recycling Drop-Off Stations and Collection Network by Multiobjective Programming , 1999, Environmental management.

[105]  Maria Franca Norese,et al.  Group decision and distributed technical support , 2004 .

[106]  Harald Vacik,et al.  MapModels: a new approach for spatial decision support in silvicultural decision making , 2000 .

[107]  Jacek Malczewski,et al.  A. GIS-Based Approach to Multiple Criteria Group Decision-Making , 1996, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[108]  Rodolphe Schlaepfer,et al.  Management of forested landscapes in mountain areas: an ecosystem-based approach , 2002 .

[109]  Qiang Wu,et al.  Risk assessment of earth fractures by constructing an intrinsic vulnerability map, a specific vulnerability map, and a hazard map, using Yuci City, Shanxi, China as an example , 2003 .

[110]  Horst A. Eiselt,et al.  Locating landfills - Optimization vs. reality , 2007, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[111]  Mark W. Horner,et al.  A comparison of multi-objective spatial dispersion models for managing critical assets in urban areas , 2012, Comput. Environ. Urban Syst..

[112]  J. Kao,et al.  Multifactor Spatial Analysis for Landfill Siting , 1996 .

[113]  Ching-Lai Hwang,et al.  Fuzzy Multiple Attribute Decision Making - Methods and Applications , 1992, Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems.

[114]  P Klungboonkrong,et al.  A microcomputer-based- system for multicriteria environmental impacts evaluation of urban road networks , 1998 .

[115]  Giuseppe Munda,et al.  Generating alternatives for siting retail and service facilities using genetic algorithms and multiple criteria decision techniques , 1994 .

[116]  MICHAEL G. COLLINS,et al.  Land-Use Suitability Analysis in the United States: Historical Development and Promising Technological Achievements , 2001, Environmental management.

[117]  Jorge López-Blanco,et al.  Evaluating biophysical variables to identify suitable areas for oat in Central Mexico: a multi-criteria and GIS approach , 2003 .

[118]  L. Ayalew,et al.  Landslide susceptibility mapping using GIS-based weighted linear combination, the case in Tsugawa area of Agano River, Niigata Prefecture, Japan , 2004 .

[119]  Igor Linkov,et al.  Multi-Criteria Spatial Decision Support System DECERNS: Application to Land Use Planning , 2010, Int. J. Inf. Syst. Soc. Chang..

[120]  Ching-Lai Hwang,et al.  Multiple Attribute Decision Making: Methods and Applications - A State-of-the-Art Survey , 1981, Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems.

[121]  Tony Prato,et al.  Stochastic multiple attribute evaluation of land use policies , 2008 .

[122]  Stuart R. Phinn,et al.  Integrating spatial optimization and cellular automata for evaluating urban change , 2003 .

[123]  C. Linstead,et al.  Uncertainty analysis in a GIS-based multi-criteria analysis tool for river catchment management , 2011, Environ. Model. Softw..

[124]  Michael F. Goodchild,et al.  Geographical information science , 1992, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[125]  Arika Ligmann-Zielinska,et al.  Choice Modeler: A Web-based Spatial Multiple Criteria Evaluation Tool , 2008, Trans. GIS.

[126]  Marek Makowski,et al.  Multiple criteria land use analysis , 1997 .

[127]  Yun Chen,et al.  To retire or expand? A fuzzy GIS‐based spatial multi‐criteria evaluation framework for irrigated agriculture , 2009 .

[128]  Stewart Thompson,et al.  A multi-criteria targeting approach to neutral grassland conservation. , 2003, Journal of environmental management.

[129]  Bernard Roy,et al.  Classement et choix en présence de points de vue multiples , 1968 .

[130]  Maro Vlachopoulou,et al.  Geographic information systems in warehouse site selection decisions , 2001 .

[131]  Krerkpong Charnpratheep,et al.  Preliminary Landfill Site Screening Using Fuzzy Geographical Information Systems , 1997 .

[132]  R. W. Thomas,et al.  Modeling in Geography: A Mathematical Approach , 1980 .

[133]  Jacek Malczewski,et al.  GIS‐based multicriteria decision analysis: a survey of the literature , 2006, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[134]  Carlos Carroll,et al.  A Multicriteria Assessment of the Irreplaceability and Vulnerability of Sites in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem , 2002 .

[135]  Marianne L. MacDonald.  A multi-attribute spatial decision support system for solid waste planning , 1996 .

[136]  Ron Store,et al.  A GIS-based multi-scale approach to habitat suitability modeling , 2003 .

[137]  Jehng-Jung Kao,et al.  Grid-Based Heuristic Method for Multifactor Landfill Siting , 2005 .

[138]  Bo Huang,et al.  Bi-level GA and GIS for Multi-objective TSP Route Planning , 2006 .

[139]  Jehng-Jung Kao,et al.  A raster-based C program for siting a landfill with optimal compactness , 1996 .

[140]  Montserrat Gómez-Delgado,et al.  Simulating Urban Growth Scenarios Using GIS and Multicriteria Analysis Techniques: A Case Study of the Madrid Region, Spain , 2011 .

[141]  David O'Sullivan,et al.  Geographic Information Analysis , 2002 .

[142]  Reza Banai,et al.  Fuzziness in Geographical Information Systems: Contributions from the Analytic Hierarchy Process , 1993, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[143]  P. Rietveld,et al.  Multicriteria analysis and geographical information systems: an application to agricultural land use in the netherlands , 1990 .

[144]  Richard E. Toth,et al.  Honey Hill: A Systems Analysis for Planning and the Multiple use of Controlled Water Areas , 1971 .

[145]  R. Klosterman.  Planning Support Systems: A New Perspective on Computer-Aided Planning , 1997 .

[146]  Ian Ferguson,et al.  Decision support system for the sustainable forest management , 2000 .

[147]  Jacek Malczewski,et al.  ParticipatoryGIS: A Web-Based Collaborative GIS and Multicriteria Decision Analysis , 2010 .

[148]  Shivanand Balram,et al.  Collaborative geographic information systems , 2006 .

[149]  Florent Joerin,et al.  Using GIS and outranking multicriteria analysis for land-use suitability assessment , 2001, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[150]  Fulong Wu,et al.  SimLand: A Prototype to Simulate Land Conversion Through the Integrated GIS and CA with AHP-Derived Transition Rules , 1998, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[151]  O. H. Brownlee,et al.  ACTIVITY ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION AND ALLOCATION , 1952 .

[152]  Hong Jiang,et al.  Application of fuzzy measures in multi-criteria evaluation in GIS , 2000, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[153]  Ashantha Goonetilleke,et al.  A New Fuzzy Multicriteria Evaluation Method for Group Site Selection in GIS , 2003 .

[154]  Piotr Jankowski,et al.  Regional and Urban GIS: A Decision Support Approach , 2009 .

[155]  G. Brent Hall,et al.  BALANCING CONSENSUS AND CONFLICT WITH A GIS-BASED MULTI-PARTICIPANT, MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION SUPPORT TOOL , 2003 .

[156]  Xuan Zhu,et al.  JavaAHP: a web-based decision analysis tool for natural resource and environmental management , 2001, Environ. Model. Softw..

[157]  Jyrki Kangas,et al.  Improving the quality of landscape ecological forest planning by utilising advanced decision-support tools , 2000 .

[158]  Jared L. Cohon,et al.  Multiobjective programming and planning , 2004 .

[159]  T. Bernhardsen.  Geographic Information Systems: An Introduction , 1999 .

[160]  Ramanathan Sugumaran,et al.  Spatial Decision Support Systems: Principles and Practices , 2010 .

[161]  Davide Geneletti,et al.  Incorporating biodiversity assets in spatial planning: Methodological proposal and development of a planning support system , 2008 .

[162]  Robert G. Cromley,et al.  Multi-Objective Analysis of School District Regionalization Alternatives in Connecticut* , 1996 .

[163]  Beatriz Sousa Santos,et al.  A decision-support tool for a capacitated location-routing problem , 2008, Decis. Support Syst..

[164]  Walter Isard,et al.  General Theory: Social, Political, Economic and Regional , 1969 .

[165]  Richard L. Church,et al.  Spatial optimization as a generative technique for sustainable multiobjective land‐use allocation , 2008, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[166]  A Keith Turner,et al.  The GCARS System - a Computer-Assisted Method of Regional Route Location : Technical Paper , 1970 .

[167]  Stephan Dabbert,et al.  An economic approach for a better understanding of conflicts between farmers and nature conservationists--an application of the decision support system MODAM to the Lower Odra Valley National Park , 2002 .

[168]  Jacek Malczewski,et al.  Local Weighted Linear Combination , 2011, Trans. GIS.

[169]  R. Williamson,et al.  Multi-criteria evaluation of safety and risks along transportation corridors on the Hopi Reservation , 2003 .

[170]  W-N Xiang,et al.  A GIS/MMP-Based Coordination Model and its Application to Distributed Environmental Planning , 1993 .

[171]  Fang Qiu,et al.  Modeling land suitability/capability using fuzzy evaluation , 2014 .

[172]  Jean-Marie Lescot,et al.  Comparison of Two Spatial Optimization Techniques: A Framework to Solve Multiobjective Land Use Distribution Problems , 2009, Environmental management.

[173]  David A. Bennett,et al.  Using Genetic Algorithms to Create Multicriteria Class Intervals for Choropleth Maps , 2003 .

[174]  T. Nyerges,et al.  Geographic information systems for group decision making : towards a participatory, geographic information science , 2001 .

[175]  Alexey Voinov,et al.  Optimization methodology for land use patterns using spatially explicit landscape models , 2002 .

[176]  Peter Nijkamp,et al.  Multidimensional Spatial Data and Decision Analysis. , 1980 .

[177]  Graham Kendall,et al.  Search Methodologies: Introductory Tutorials in Optimization and Decision Support Techniques , 2013 .

[178]  Alan T. Murray,et al.  Siting park-and-ride facilities using a multi-objective spatial optimization model , 2008, Comput. Oper. Res..

[179]  Claus Rinner,et al.  Web-enabled spatial decision analysis using Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA) , 2002, J. Geogr. Syst..

[180]  H. P. Cresswell,et al.  The Application of a Simple Spatial Multi-Criteria Analysis Shell to Natural Resource Management Decision Making , 2008 .

[181]  Piotr Jankowski,et al.  Map-centred exploratory approach to multiple criteria spatial decision making , 2001, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[182]  Christos Makropoulos,et al.  Fuzzy Logic Spatial Decision Support System for Urban Water Management , 2003 .