From LOTOS to LNT

We revisit the early publications of Ed Brinksma devoted, on the one hand, to the definition of the formal description technique LOTOS (ISO International Standard 8807:1989) for specifying communication protocols and distributed systems, and, on the other hand, to two proposals (Extended LOTOS and Modular LOTOS) for making LOTOS a simpler and more expressive language. We examine how this scientific agenda has been dealt with during the last decades. We review the successive enhancements of LOTOS that led to the definition of three languages: E-LOTOS (ISO International Standard 15437:2001), then LOTOS NT, and finally LNT. We present the software implementations (compilers and translators) developed for these new languages and report about their use in various application domains.

[1]  Diego Latella,et al.  A Stochastic Causality-Based Process Algebra , 1995, Comput. J..

[2]  Mamoun Filali,et al.  Fiacre: an Intermediate Language for Model Verification in the Topcased Environment , 2008 .

[3]  Zhen Zhang,et al.  An improved fault-tolerant routing algorithm for a Network-on-Chip derived with formal analysis , 2016, Sci. Comput. Program..

[4]  Son T. Vuong,et al.  Introduction to Algebraic Specifications Based on the Language ACT ONE , 1992, Comput. Networks ISDN Syst..

[5]  Jan Tretmans,et al.  A Framework for Test Selection , 1991, PSTV.

[6]  Gwen Salaün,et al.  PIC2LNT: Model Transformation for Model Checking an Applied Pi-Calculus , 2013, TACAS.

[7]  Hugues Evrard.  DLC: Compiling a Concurrent System Formal Specification to a Distributed Implementation , 2016, TACAS.

[8]  Fabienne Boyer,et al.  Specifying and Verifying the SYNERGY Reconfiguration Protocol with LOTOS NT and CADP , 2011, FM.

[9]  Olivier Ponsini,et al.  Rewriting of imperative programs into logical equations , 2005, Sci. Comput. Program..

[10]  Hugues Evrard,et al.  Automatic Distributed Code Generation from Formal Models of Asynchronous Concurrent Processes , 2015, 2015 23rd Euromicro International Conference on Parallel, Distributed, and Network-Based Processing.

[11]  Kenneth J. Turner,et al.  Requirement Capture, Formal Description and Verification of an Invoicing System , 1998 .

[12]  Sophie Dupuy-Chessa,et al.  Using formal models to cross check an implementation , 2016, EICS.

[13]  Jan de Meer,et al.  Data Specifications in Modular Lotos , 1995 .

[14]  Tommaso Bolognesi,et al.  Tableau methods to describe strong bisimilarity on LOTOS processes involving pure interleaving and enabling , 1994, FORTE.

[15]  Frédéric Lang,et al.  Parallel Processes with Real-Time and Data: The ATLANTIF Intermediate Format , 2009, IFM.

[16]  Hubert Garavel.  On the introduction of gate typing in E-LOTOS , 1995, PSTV.

[17]  Ed Brinksma,et al.  A tutorial on LOTOS , 1985, PSTV.

[18]  Hubert Garavel,et al.  Reflections on the Future of Concurrency Theory in General and Process Calculi in Particular , 2008, LIX.

[19]  Gwen Salaün,et al.  Verification of a Dynamic Management Protocol for Cloud Applications , 2013, ATVA.

[20]  Frédéric Lang,et al.  Automatic distributed code generation from formal models of asynchronous processes interacting by multiway rendezvous , 2017, J. Log. Algebraic Methods Program..

[21]  Robin Milner,et al.  A Calculus of Communicating Systems , 1980, Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

[22]  Radu Mateescu,et al.  Model checking and performance evaluation with CADP illustrated on shared-memory mutual exclusion protocols , 2013, Sci. Comput. Program..

[23]  Gwen Salaün,et al.  Translating FSP into LOTOS and networks of automata , 2007, Formal Aspects of Computing.

[24]  Hubert Garavel,et al.  Towards a Second Generation of Formal Description Techniques { Rationale for the Design of E-LOTOS , 2007 .

[25]  Ed Brinksma,et al.  Enhancements of Lotos , 1995 .

[26]  Frédéric Lang,et al.  Smart Reduction , 2011, FASE.

[27]  Ana Moreira,et al.  Use of E-LOTOS in Adding Formality to UML , 2000, J. Univers. Comput. Sci..

[28]  C. A. R. Hoare,et al.  A Theory of Communicating Sequential Processes , 1984, JACM.

[29]  Kenneth J. Turner,et al.  (E)-LOTOS: (Enhanced) language of temporal ordering specification , 2001 .

[30]  Günter Karjoth,et al.  A Specification of the OSI Transport Service in LOTOS , 1984, PSTV.

[31]  Frédéric Lang,et al.  Formal Verification of Distributed Branching Multiway Synchronization Protocols , 2013, FMOODS/FORTE.

[32]  Ed Brinksma,et al.  Constraint-Oriented Specification in a Constructive Formal Description Technique , 1989, REX Workshop.

[33]  Mihaela Sighireanu,et al.  A Graphical Parallel Composition Operator for Process Algebras , 1999, FORTE.

[34]  Martin Jourdan,et al.  A New Error Repair and Recovery Scheme for Lexical and Syntactic Analysis , 1987, Sci. Comput. Program..

[35]  Wanderley Lopes de Souza,et al.  Simulator for E-LOTOS specifications , 2002, Proceedings 35th Annual Simulation Symposium. SS 2002.

[36]  Radu Mateescu,et al.  A Model Checking Language for Concurrent Value-Passing Systems , 2008, FM.

[37]  Gwen Salaün,et al.  On the semantics of communicating hardware processes and their translation into LOTOS for the verification of asynchronous circuits with CADP , 2009, Sci. Comput. Program..

[38]  Radu Mateescu,et al.  Formal modelling and verification of GALS systems using GRL and CADP , 2016, Formal Aspects of Computing.

[39]  Hongwei Zhu,et al.  Improving Data Quality for Web Services Composition , 2009 .

[40]  Radu Mateescu,et al.  Verification of $${{EB}^3}$$EB3 specifications using CADP , 2016, Formal Aspects of Computing.

[41]  Radu Mateescu.  A Generic Framework for Model Checking Software Architectures , 2004, VVEIS.

[42]  Holger Hermanns,et al.  On Combining Functional Verification and Performance Evaluation Using CADP , 2002, FME.

[43]  Hubert Garavel,et al.  Verification of GALS Systems by Combining Synchronous Languages and Process Calculi , 2009, SPIN.

[44]  Fabienne Boyer,et al.  Reliable self‐deployment of distributed cloud applications , 2017, Softw. Pract. Exp..

[45]  Wendelin Serwe,et al.  Using a Formal Model to Improve Verification of a Cache-Coherent System-on-Chip , 2015, TACAS.

[46]  Guy Leduc,et al.  An Introduction to ET-LOTOS for the Description of Time-Sensitive Systems , 1997, Comput. Networks ISDN Syst..

[47]  Gwen Salaün,et al.  Checking Business Process Evolution , 2016, FACS.

[48]  Mihaela Sighireanu,et al.  On the Introduction of Exceptions in E-LOTOS , 1996, FORTE.

[49]  Frédéric Lang.  Compositional Verification Using SVL Scripts , 2002, TACAS.

[50]  Lisandro Zambenedetti Granville,et al.  Design of Distributed Multimedia Applications (DAMD) , 1998, FM-Trends.

[51]  Didier Parigot,et al.  Application Development with the FNC-2 Attribute Grammar System , 1991, CC.

[52]  George J. Milne,et al.  CIRCAL and the representation of communication, concurrency, and time , 1985, TOPL.

[53]  Frédéric Lang,et al.  Exp.Open 2.0: A Flexible Tool Integrating Partial Order, Compositional, and On-The-Fly Verification Methods , 2005, IFM.

[54]  Hubert Garavel,et al.  OPEN/CÆSAR: An OPen Software Architecture for Verification, Simulation, and Testing , 1998, TACAS.

[55]  Radu Mateescu,et al.  Verification of EB3 Specifications Using CADP , 2013, IFM.

[56]  Celso A. S. Santos,et al.  Experience with RT-LOTOS, a temporal extension of the LOTOS formal description technique , 2000, Comput. Commun..

[57]  Yamine Aït Ameur,et al.  Formal Verification of Plastic User Interfaces Exploiting Domain Ontologies , 2015, 2015 International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Software Engineering.

[58]  Guy Leduc,et al.  A Formal Definition of Time in LOTOS , 1998, Formal Aspects of Computing.

[59]  Frédéric Lang,et al.  NTIF: A General Symbolic Model for Communicating Sequential Processes with Data , 2002, FORTE.

[60]  Radu Mateescu,et al.  Computation Tree Regular Logic for Genetic Regulatory Networks , 2008, ATVA.

[61]  Mohamed Jmaiel,et al.  From AADL Model to LNT Specification , 2015, Ada-Europe.

[62]  Guy Leduc,et al.  Introduction à E-LOTOS , 2001 .

[63]  Joost-Pieter Katoen,et al.  Performance Evaluation of Concurrent Data Structures , 2016, SETTA.

[64]  Mariëlle Stoelinga,et al.  DFTCalc: a tool for efficient fault tree analysis (extended version) , 2013 .

[65]  Mariëlle Stoelinga,et al.  DFTCalc: Reliability Centered Maintenance via Fault Tree Analysis (Tool Paper) , 2015, ICFEM.

[66]  Hubert Garavel,et al.  Revisiting sequential composition in process calculi , 2015, J. Log. Algebraic Methods Program..

[67]  Radu Mateescu,et al.  CADP 2011: a toolbox for the construction and analysis of distributed processes , 2012, International Journal on Software Tools for Technology Transfer.

[68]  Gwen Salaün,et al.  Counterexample Guided Synthesis of Monitors for Realizability Enforcement , 2012, ATVA.

[69]  Gwen Salaün,et al.  Checking the realizability of BPMN 2.0 choreographies , 2012, SAC '12.

[70]  Thierry Le Sergent,et al.  Programming with Behaviors in an ML Framework - The Syntax and Semantics of LCS , 1994, ESOP.

[71]  Robin Milner,et al.  Calculi for Synchrony and Asynchrony , 1983, Theor. Comput. Sci..

[72]  Joseph Sifakis,et al.  Compilation and verification of LOTOS specifications , 1990, PSTV.

[73]  Hubert Garavel,et al.  Compilation of LOTOS Abstract Data Types , 1989, FORTE.

[74]  Wendelin Serwe,et al.  Formal analysis of a hardware dynamic task dispatcher with CADP , 2014, Sci. Comput. Program..

[75]  Frédéric Lang,et al.  SVL: A Scripting Language for Compositional Verification , 2001, FORTE.

[76]  Hubert Garavel,et al.  The Unheralded Value of the Multiway Rendezvous: Illustration with the Production Cell Benchmark , 2017, MARS@ETAPS.

[77]  Hartmut Ehrig,et al.  Fundamentals of Algebraic Specification 1: Equations and Initial Semantics , 1985 .

[78]  Wendelin Serwe,et al.  Formal Analysis of the ACE Specification for Cache Coherent Systems-on-Chip , 2013, FMICS.

[79]  Radu Mateescu,et al.  Compiler Construction Using LOTOS NT , 2002, CC.

[80]  Wendelin Serwe,et al.  Formal Specification and Verification of Fully Asynchronous Implementations of the Data Encryption Standard , 2015, MARS.

[81]  Rajeev Alur,et al.  A Theory of Timed Automata , 1994, Theor. Comput. Sci..

[82]  Holger Hermanns,et al.  A Model-Based Certification Framework for the EnergyBus Standard , 2014, FORTE.

[83]  Carron Shankland,et al.  A case study in abstraction using E-LOTOS and the FireWire , 2001, Comput. Networks.