The Fishery Performance Indicators: A Management Tool for Triple Bottom Line Outcomes

Pursuit of the triple bottom line of economic, community and ecological sustainability has increased the complexity of fishery management; fisheries assessments require new types of data and analysis to guide science-based policy in addition to traditional biological information and modeling. We introduce the Fishery Performance Indicators (FPIs), a broadly applicable and flexible tool for assessing performance in individual fisheries, and for establishing cross-sectional links between enabling conditions, management strategies and triple bottom line outcomes. Conceptually separating measures of performance, the FPIs use 68 individual outcome metrics—coded on a 1 to 5 scale based on expert assessment to facilitate application to data poor fisheries and sectors—that can be partitioned into sector-based or triple-bottom-line sustainability-based interpretative indicators. Variation among outcomes is explained with 54 similarly structured metrics of inputs, management approaches and enabling conditions. Using 61 initial fishery case studies drawn from industrial and developing countries around the world, we demonstrate the inferential importance of tracking economic and community outcomes, in addition to resource status.

[1]  Parzival Copes,et al.  A Critical Review of the Individual Quota as a Device in Fisheries Management , 2019, Fisheries Economics.

[2]  E. Edinger,et al.  Reef degradation and coral biodiversity in indonesia: Effects of land-based pollution, destructive fishing practices and changes over time , 1998 .

[3]  Serge M. Garcia,et al.  When can marine reserves improve fisheries management , 2004 .

[4]  Nicolás L. Gutiérrez,et al.  Leadership, social capital and incentives promote successful fisheries , 2011, Nature.

[5]  Colin Camerer.  Individual Decision Making , 2020, The Handbook of Experimental Economics.

[6]  D. Pauly,et al.  Women and fisheries: Contribution to food security and local economies , 2013 .

[7]  T. McClanahan,et al.  Co-management of coral reef fisheries: a critical evaluation of the literature , 2012 .

[8]  James L. Anderson.  Aquaculture and the Future: Why Fisheries Economists Should Care , 2002, Marine Resource Economics.

[9]  A. Adelaja,et al.  Market Power, Industrial Organization and Tradeable Quotas , 1998 .

[10]  G. Hardin,et al.  The Tragedy of the Commons , 1968, Green Planet Blues.

[11]  G. Daily,et al.  Securing natural capital and expanding equity to rescale civilization , 2012, Nature.

[12]  Amy R. Poteete,et al.  Fifteen Years of Empirical Research on Collective Action in Natural Resource Management: Struggling to Build Large-N Databases Based on Qualitative Research , 2008 .

[13]  Hugh P. Possingham,et al.  Achieving the triple bottom line in the face of inherent trade-offs among social equity, economic return, and conservation , 2013, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[14]  A. Neiland,et al.  Wealth-based Fisheries Management: Using Fisheries Wealth to Orchestrate Sound Fisheries Policy in Practice , 2009, Marine Resource Economics.

[15]  Andrew H Baird,et al.  Comanagement of coral reef social-ecological systems , 2012, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[16]  H. Hapke.  Petty Traders, Gender, and Development in a South Indian Fishery* , 2001 .

[17]  C. Lwenya,et al.  Nile perch and the hungry of Lake Victoria: Gender, status and food in an East African fishery , 2008 .

[18]  G. Munro.  The conservation and management of shared fish stocks : legal and economic aspects , 2004 .

[19]  F. Asche,et al.  The Salmon Disease Crisis in Chile , 2009, Marine Resource Economics.

[20]  D. Kramer,et al.  Road development and market access on Nicaragua's Atlantic coast: implications for household fishing and farming practices , 2009, Environmental Conservation.

[21]  T. Essington,et al.  Catch shares, fisheries, and ecological stewardship: a comparative analysis of resource responses to a rights‐based policy instrument , 2012 .

[22]  E. Ostrom.  A General Framework for Analyzing Sustainability of Social-Ecological Systems , 2009, Science.

[23]  E. Ostrom,et al.  The Struggle to Govern the Commons , 2003, Science.

[24]  Andrew Moffat.  Environmental Performance Index , 2014 .

[25]  Kieran Kelleher,et al.  The Sunken Billions: The Economic Justification for Fisheries Reform , 2008 .

[26]  C. Roberts,et al.  The role of marine reserves in achieving sustainable fisheries , 2005, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[27]  Trevor A. Branch,et al.  How do individual transferable quotas affect marine ecosystems , 2009 .

[28]  Evaluation of new Fishery Performance Indicators (FPIs) : a case study of the blue swimming crab fisheries in Indonesia and Philippines , 2012 .

[29]  Martin D. Smith,et al.  Steering the Global Partnership for Oceans , 2014, Marine Resource Economics.

[30]  S. Gaines,et al.  Can Catch Shares Prevent Fisheries Collapse? , 2008, Science.

[31]  Ftj Christy.  FISHERMAN QUOTAS: A TENTATIVE SUGGESTION FOR DOMESTIC MANAGEMENT , 1973 .

[32]  P. Foley.  The Political Economy of Marine Stewardship Council Certification: Processors and Access in Newfoundland and Labrador's Inshore Shrimp Industry , 2012 .

[33]  Anthony Scott,et al.  The Fishery: The Objectives of Sole Ownership , 1955, Journal of Political Economy.

[34]  M. Sever,et al.  Reconsidering the Initial Allocation of ITQs: The Search for a Pareto-Safe Allocation between Fishing and Processing Sectors , 1999 .

[35]  G. Brady.  Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action , 1993 .

[36]  Bonnie J. McCay,et al.  User participation in fisheries management: lessons drawn from international experiences☆ , 1995 .

[37]  Fikret Berkes,et al.  Two to tango: The role of government in fisheries co-management , 1997 .

[38]  R. Hilborn,et al.  Rebuilding Global Fisheries , 2009, Science.

[39]  B. Halpern,et al.  Biological Effects Within No-Take Marine Reserves: A global Synthesis , 2009 .

[40]  J. Wilen,et al.  TURFs and ITQs: Collective vs. Individual Decision Making , 2007, Marine Resource Economics.

[41]  Mark A. Burgman,et al.  Expert Status and Performance , 2011, PloS one.

[42]  J. Wilen.  The Challenges of Pro-Poor Fisheries Reform , 2013, Marine Resource Economics.

[43]  James N. Sanchirico,et al.  Global marine fisheries resources: status and prospects , 2007 .

[44]  R. Pomeroy,et al.  Performance of community-based coastal resource management (CBCRM) programs in the Philippines: A meta-analysis , 2009 .

[45]  Maurie J. Cohen.  TECHNOLOGICAL DISASTERS AND NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT: AN EVALUATION OF THE EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL. , 1995 .

[46]  Derek Armitage,et al.  A resilience-based framework for evaluating adaptive co-management: Linking ecology, economics and society in a complex world , 2007 .

[47]  Niels Daan,et al.  TAC management in North Sea flatfish fisheries , 1997 .

[48]  D. Pauly,et al.  On losing and recovering fisheries and marine science data , 2005 .

[49]  W. Lam.  Governing the Commons , 2010 .

[50]  R. Jensen.  The Digital Provide: Information (Technology), Market Performance, and Welfare in the South Indian Fisheries Sector , 2007 .

[51]  Tanja Srebotnjak.  Environmental Performance Index , 2014 .

[52]  E. Ostrom,et al.  The Drama of the Commons , 2002 .

[53]  R. Hilborn.  Moving to Sustainability by Learning from Successful Fisheries , 2007, Ambio.

[54]  John R. Gauvin,et al.  An Econometric Study of Regulatory Enforcement and Compliance in the Commercial Inshore Lobster Fishery of Massachusetts , 1989 .

[55]  J. Sutinen,et al.  Blue Water Crime: Deterrence, Legitimacy, and Compliance in Fisheries , 1998 .

[56]  S. Jentoft,et al.  From the bottom up: Participatory issues in fisheries management , 1996 .

[57]  Securing the Livelihoods and Nutritional Needs of Fish-Dependent Communities , 2013 .

[58]  Martin D. Smith,et al.  Open access in a spatially delineated artisanal fishery: the case of Minahasa, Indonesia , 2007, Environment and Development Economics.

[59]  P. Leung,et al.  Species and system selection for sustainable aquaculture , 2007 .

[60]  F. Ellis,et al.  The livelihoods approach and management of small-scale fisheries , 2001 .

[61]  Martin D. Smith,et al.  Sustainability and Global Seafood , 2010, Science.

[62]  Daniel R. Brumbaugh,et al.  An index to assess the health and benefits of the global ocean , 2012, Nature.

[63]  H. Gordon,et al.  The economic theory of a common-property resource: The fishery , 1954, Journal of Political Economy.

[64]  D. Pauly,et al.  A bottom-up re-estimation of global fisheries subsidies , 2010 .