Equalizing noise characteristics in Geiger mode avalanche photodiodes by using gated operation

Abstract The gated operation is proposed as an efficient method to reduce and uniformize noise figures in pixel detectors based on Geiger mode avalanche photodiodes. This idea has been proved by prototyping and characterizing a 3x3 array with the sensor and the front-end electronics monolithically integrated on a single CMOS die fabricated in a conventional CMOS technology.