Fuel design and management for the control of advanced compression-ignition combustion modes

Abstract Due to concerns regarding the greenhouse effect and limitations on carbon dioxide emissions, the possibility of a next-generation combustion mode for internal combustion engines that can simultaneously reduce exhaust emissions and substantially improve thermal efficiency has drawn increasing attention. The most prominent characteristic of new combustion modes, such as Homogenous-Charge Compression-Ignition (HCCI), Stratified-Charge Compression-Ignition (SCCI), and Low-Temperature Combustion (LTC), is the requirement of creating a homogenous mixture or controllable stratified mixture prior to ignition. To this end, a lean fuel/air mixture and/or a controllable high level of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) are employed to prolong the timescale of the ignition chemistry and port fuel injection or early in-cylinder injection is used to lengthen the mixing period. The mixture then undergoes controlled self-ignition near the top dead center (TDC) position due to the compression effect of the piston’s upward movement. It is worth noting that the entire combustion process lacks a direct method for the control of ignition timing and combustion rate, which are instead controlled primarily by chemical kinetics and, to a lesser extent, by turbulence and mixing. Because of the significant impacts of fuel physical–chemical properties on the ignition and combustion process, fuel design and management has become the most common approach for the control of ignition timing and combustion rate in such advanced combustion modes. This paper summarizes the concepts and methods of fuel design and management and provides an overview of the effects of these strategies on ignition, combustion, and emissions for HCCI, LTC, and SCCI engines, respectively. From part 2 to part 4, the paper focuses on the effect of fuel design on HCCI combustion. A fuel index suitable for describing ignition characteristic under HCCI operating conditions is first introduced. Next, the proposed fuel design concept is described, including principles and main methodologies. Strategies based on the fuel design concept (including fuel additives, fuel blending, and dual-fuel technology) are discussed for primary reference fuels (PRF), alternative fuels, and practical gasoline and diesel fuels. Additionally, the effects of real-time fuel design on HCCI combustion fueled with PRFs and dimethyl ether/liquefied petroleum gas (DME–LPG) are evaluated. Diesel HCCI combustion has suffered from difficulties in homogenous mixture formation and an excessively high combustion rate. Therefore, LTC, which concentrates on local combustion temperature and a balance of mixture formation timescale and ignition timescale, has been proposed by many researchers. In Part 5, this paper provides an overview of the major points and research progress of LTC, with a preliminary discussion of the fundamental importance of fuel properties and fuel design strategy on the LTC process and emissions. Due to the stratification strategy has the capable of extending the HCCI operation range to higher loads, SCCI combustion, which incorporates HCCI combustion into a traditional combustion mode, has the potential to be used in commercial engines. Thus, this paper discusses the principles and control strategies of fuel design and management and also summarizes recent progress and future trends. The effect of fuel design and management on SCCI combustion is assessed for high cetane number fuels and high octane number fuels as well as the in SCCI combustion of gasoline–diesel dual-fuel and blends.

[1]  Chih-Jen Sung,et al.  Dilution limits of n-butane/air mixtures under conditions relevant to HCCI combustion , 2004 .

[2]  Bin Liu,et al.  Effects of Multi-Injection Mode on Diesel Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Combustion , 2007 .

[3]  Robert W. Dibble,et al.  Prediction of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions in iso-octane HCCI engine combustion using multizone simulations , 2002 .

[4]  Zhen Huang,et al.  Premixed low-temperature combustion of blends of diesel and gasoline in a high speed compression ignition engine , 2011 .

[5]  Paul C. Miles,et al.  A Detailed Comparison of Emissions and Combustion Performance Between Optical and Metal Single-Cylinder Diesel Engines at Low Temperature Combustion Conditions , 2008 .

[6]  Daniel L. Flowers,et al.  Effect of Charge Non-uniformity on Heat Release and Emissions in PCCI Engine Combustion , 2006 .

[7]  Evatt R. Hawkes,et al.  Probability density function treatment of turbulence/chemistry interactions during the ignition of a temperature-stratified mixture for application to HCCI engine modeling , 2008 .

[8]  Nicolas Jeuland,et al.  Effect of Fuel Characteristics on the Performances and Emissions of an Early-injection LTC / Diesel Engine , 2008 .

[9]  Kazuya Kawakami,et al.  Fuel Design Concept for Low Emission in Engine Systems 3rd Report: Analysis of Spray Characteristics for Mixed Fuels , 2002 .

[10]  Bengt Johansson,et al.  Fuel Octane Effects in the Partially Premixed Combustion Regime in Compression Ignition Engines , 2009 .

[11]  L. Vervisch,et al.  CHEMICAL IMPACT OF CO AND H2 ADDITION ON THE AUTO-IGNITION DELAY OF HOMOGENEOUS N-HEPTANE/AIR MIXTURES , 2007 .

[12]  Thomas W. Ryan,et al.  Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) of Diesel Fuel , 1997 .

[13]  William J. Pitz,et al.  DETAILED CHEMICAL KINETIC MECHANISMS FOR COMBUSTION OF OXYGENATED FUELS , 2000 .

[14]  Bengt Johansson,et al.  Investigation of the Combustion Characteristics with Focus on Partially Premixed Combustion in a Heavy Duty Engine , 2008 .

[15]  Halim G. Santoso,et al.  Managing SI/HCCI Dual-Mode Engine Operation , 2005 .

[16]  William J. Pitz,et al.  Oxidation of automotive primary reference fuels at elevated pressures , 1999 .

[17]  오창훈,et al.  DME - LPG 예혼합 압축 착화 엔진에서 LPG의 조성에 따른 연소특성 = The effect of LPG composition on combustion and performance in a DME-LPG dual-fuel HCCI engine , 2010 .

[18]  Bengt Johansson,et al.  Influence of Mixture Quality on Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition , 1998 .

[19]  Rolf Johansson,et al.  Cycle-to-Cycle Control of a Dual-Fuel HCCI Engine , 2004 .

[20]  Dennis N. Assanis,et al.  LEAN AND RICH PREMIXED COMPRESSION IGNITION COMBUSTION IN A LIGHT-DUTY DIESEL ENGINE , 2005 .

[21]  Bengt Johansson,et al.  Closed-Loop Control of an HCCI Engine , 2001 .

[22]  Nicolas Jeuland,et al.  New HCCI/CAI combustion process development : Methodology for determination of relevant fuel parameters , 2004 .

[23]  Alasdair Cairns,et al.  The Effects of Combined Internal and External Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Gasoline Controlled Auto-Ignition , 2005 .

[24]  Alok Warey,et al.  Fuel Effects on Low Temperature Combustion in a Light-Duty Diesel Engine , 2010 .

[25]  Takuji Ishiyama,et al.  Study on Combustion Control in Natural-Gas PCCI Engines with Ozone Addition into Intake Gas , 2006 .

[26]  Yoshinaka Takeda,et al.  Emission Characteristics of Premixed Lean Diesel Combustion with Extremely Early Staged Fuel Injection. , 1996 .

[27]  Wei Chen,et al.  A fundamental study on the control of the HCCI combustion and emissions by fuel design concept combined with controllable EGR. Part 1. The basic characteristics of HCCI combustion , 2005 .

[28]  Paul C. Miles,et al.  A Parametric Study of Low-Temperature, Late-Injection Combustion in a HSDI Diesel Engine , 2005 .

[29]  Chen-Fang Chang,et al.  Concept and Implementation of a Robust HCCI Engine Controller , 2009 .

[30]  Huang Zhen,et al.  Experimental Investigation of Low-Temperature Combustion (LTC) in an Engine Fueled with Dimethyl Ether (DME) , 2009 .

[31]  Su Han Park,et al.  Effects of dimethyl-ether (DME) spray behavior in the cylinder on the combustion and exhaust emissions characteristics of a high speed diesel engine , 2010 .

[32]  Stefano Frigo,et al.  Further insight on ATAC and GDI combination in two-stroke engines , 2000 .

[33]  James A. Eng,et al.  The Effects of Intake Charge Preheating in a Gasoline-Fueled HCCI Engine , 2005 .

[34]  Jialin Yang,et al.  Development of a Gasoline Engine System Using HCCI Technology - The Concept and the Test Results , 2002 .

[35]  J. R. Smith,et al.  Detailed Chemical Kinetic Simulation of Natural Gas HCCI Combustion: Gas Composition Effects and Investigation of Control Strategies , 2001 .

[36]  Gautam Kalghatgi,et al.  Auto-Ignition Quality of Practical Fuels and Implications for Fuel Requirements of Future SI and HCCI Engines , 2005 .

[37]  Daniel Dahl,et al.  Reducing Pressure Fluctuations at High Loads by Means of Charge Stratification in HCCI Combustion with Negative Valve Overlap , 2009 .

[38]  Choongsik Bae,et al.  Knock Characteristics in Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)−Dimethyl Ether (DME) and Gasoline−DME Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engines , 2009 .

[39]  Hui Xie,et al.  Comparison of HCCI Combustion Respectively Fueled with Gasoline, Ethanol and Methanol through the Trapped Residual Gas Strategy , 2006 .

[40]  D. Splitter,et al.  Experiments and Modeling of Dual-Fuel HCCI and PCCI Combustion Using In-Cylinder Fuel Blending , 2009 .

[41]  S. H. Jo,et al.  Active Thermo-Atmosphere Combustion (ATAC) - A New Combustion Process for Internal Combustion Engines , 1979 .

[42]  Hua Zhao,et al.  Research and development of an advanced combustion system for the direct injection diesel engine , 2005 .

[43]  John E. Dec,et al.  Advanced compression-ignition engines—understanding the in-cylinder processes , 2009 .

[44]  Stefan Pischinger,et al.  Thermodynamical and Mechanical Approach Towards a Variable Valve Train for the Controlled Auto Ignition Combustion Process , 2005 .

[45]  William J. Pitz,et al.  Chemical kinetic modeling study of shock tube ignition of heptane isomers , 2001 .

[46]  S. Szwaja,et al.  Hydrogen combustion in a compression ignition diesel engine , 2009 .

[47]  Christopher F. Edwards,et al.  Understanding chemical effects in low-load-limit extension of homogeneous charge compression ignition engines via recompression reaction , 2009 .

[48]  Masakazu Eguchi,et al.  Nissan's New Multivalve DI Diesel Engine Series , 1998 .

[49]  Per Risberg,et al.  A method of defining the auto-ignition quality of gasoline-like fuels in HCCI engines , 2003 .

[50]  Noboru Miyamoto,et al.  Combustion Control and Operating Range Expansion With Direct Injection of Reaction Suppressors in a Premixed DME HCCI Engine , 2003 .

[51]  Koji Yoshida,et al.  A Comparative Study of HCCI and ATAC Combustion Characteristics Based on Experimentation and Simulations Influence of the Fuel Octane Number and Internal EGR on Combustion , 2005 .

[52]  John M. E. Storey,et al.  Fuel chemistry and cetane effects on diesel homogeneous charge compression ignition performance, combustion, and emissions , 2007 .

[53]  Nicholas P. Cernansky,et al.  A Detailed Kinetic Study on the Effect of DTBP on PRF Combustion in HCCI Engines , 2007 .

[54]  Russell P. Durrett,et al.  Multiple-Event Fuel Injection Investigations in a Highly-Dilute Diesel Low Temperature Combustion Regime , 2009 .

[55]  Uwe Wagner,et al.  Investigations of HCCI Combustion Using Multi-Stage Direct-Injection with Synthetic Fuels , 2004 .

[56]  Gen Shibata,et al.  Dual Phase High Temperature Heat Release Combustion , 2008 .

[57]  Hanho Yun,et al.  Extending the High Load Operating Limit of a Naturally-Aspirated Gasoline HCCI Combustion Engine , 2010 .

[58]  Rolf D. Reitz,et al.  Investigation of Mixing and Temperature Effects on HC/CO Emissions for Highly Dilute Low Temperature Combustion in a Light Duty Diesel Engine , 2007 .

[59]  John M. Simmie,et al.  The oxidation and ignition of dimethylether from low to high temperature (500–1600 K): Experiments and kinetic modeling , 1998 .

[60]  Mingfa Yao,et al.  The Effect of PRF Fuel Octane Number on HCCI Operation , 2004 .

[61]  R. A. White,et al.  Low-sooting combustion in a small-bore high-speed direct-injection diesel engine using narrow-angle injectors , 2008 .

[62]  Dennis N. Assanis,et al.  Comparing Enhanced Natural Thermal Stratification Against Retarded Combustion Phasing for Smoothing of HCCI Heat-Release Rates , 2004 .

[63]  Koji Yamane,et al.  Application of a Multi-Cylinder Natural Gas PCCI Engine with Spark Ignition to Generator , 2008 .

[64]  Norimasa Iida.  A Study of Autoignition and Combustion in Two-Stroke ATAC Engine - Compression Ignition Characteristics of Low Carbon Alternative Fuels , 1999 .

[65]  H. Im,et al.  ANALYTICAL MODEL FOR AUTO-IGNITION IN A THERMALLY STRATIFIED HCCI ENGINE , 2007 .

[66]  N. Marinov,et al.  A detailed chemical kinetic model for high temperature ethanol oxidation , 1999 .

[67]  Xiaoye Han,et al.  Low Temperature Combustion of Neat Biodiesel Fuel on a Common-rail Diesel Engine , 2008 .

[68]  Lucien Koopmans,et al.  A Four Stroke Camless Engine, Operated in Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Mode with Commercial Gasoline , 2001 .

[69]  John E. Dec,et al.  Smoothing HCCI Heat-Release Rates Using Partial Fuel Stratification with Two-Stage Ignition Fuels , 2006 .

[70]  Robert W. Dibble,et al.  Investigation of HCCI combustion of diethyl ether and ethanol mixtures using carbon 14 tracing and numerical simulations , 2005 .

[71]  Mark P. B. Musculus,et al.  Effect of Post Injections on In-Cylinder and Exhaust Soot for Low-Temperature Combustion in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine , 2010 .

[72]  Rodney A. White,et al.  Combustion and soot visualization of low temperature combustion within an HSDI diesel engine using , 2006 .

[73]  Paul M. Najt,et al.  Investigations into the Effects of Thermal and Compositional Stratification on HCCI Combustion – Part II: Optical Engine Results , 2009 .

[74]  Tie Li,et al.  Characteristics of low temperature and low oxygen diesel combustion with ultra-high exhaust gas recirculation , 2007 .

[75]  John M. Simmie,et al.  The influence of fuel structure on combustion as demonstrated by the isomers of heptane: a rapid compression machine study , 2005 .

[76]  B. Johansson,et al.  Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition with Water Injection , 1999 .

[77]  William J. Pitz,et al.  Detailed chemical kinetic reaction mechanisms for autoignition of isomers of heptane under rapid compression , 2002 .

[78]  Alexander Burcat,et al.  2-Methyl-pentane ignition kinetics in a shock-tube , 1999 .

[79]  Hans-Erik Ångström,et al.  A Method of Defining Ignition Quality of Fuels in HCCI Engines , 2003 .

[80]  Stefan Pischinger,et al.  Type Analysis of EGR-Strategies for Controlled Auto Ignition (CAI) by Using Numerical Simulations and Optical Measurements , 2006 .

[81]  Eiji Tomita,et al.  Characteristics of Combustion Stability and Emission in SCCI and CAI Combustion Based on Direct-Injection Gasoline Engine , 2007 .

[82]  Zhen Huang,et al.  Combustion characteristics and influential factors of isooctane active-thermal atmosphere combustion assisted by two-stage reaction of n-heptane , 2011 .

[83]  Jean-Pierre Hathout,et al.  Multi-Mode Combustion Strategies with CAI for a GDI Engine , 2007 .

[84]  Zhen Huang,et al.  Evaluation of SCCI Potentials in Comparison to HCCI and Conventional DICI Combustion Using n-Heptane , 2008 .

[85]  Wei Chen,et al.  A fundamental study on the control of the HCCI combustion and emissions by fuel design concept combined with controllable EGR. Part 2. Effect of operating conditions and EGR on HCCI combustion , 2005 .

[86]  Takashi Suzuki,et al.  A NEW CONCEPT FOR LOW EMISSION DIESEL COMBUSTION , 1997 .

[87]  Rolf D. Reitz,et al.  High Efficiency, Low Emissions RCCI Combustion by Use of a Fuel Additive , 2010 .

[88]  Zhen Huang,et al.  Fuel design real-time to control HCCI combustion , 2006 .

[89]  Zhen Huang,et al.  Experimental study on the auto-ignition and combustion characteristics in the homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion operation with ethanol/n-heptane blend fuels by port injection , 2006 .

[90]  Stanislaw E. Golunski,et al.  Use of catalytic reforming to aid natural gas HCCI combustion in engines: experimental and modelling results of open-loop fuel reforming , 2005 .

[91]  K. Akihama,et al.  Mechanism of the Smokeless Rich Diesel Combustion by Reducing Temperature , 2001 .

[92]  James A. Eng,et al.  The Effect of Di-Tertiary Butyl Peroxide (DTBP) Addition to Gasoline on HCCI Combustion , 2003 .

[93]  Graham T. Reader,et al.  Influence of Biodiesel Fuel on Diesel Engine Performance and Emissions in Low Temperature Combustion , 2006 .

[94]  John E. Dec,et al.  Isolating the Effects of Fuel Chemistry on Combustion Phasing in an HCCI Engine and the Potential of Fuel Stratification for Ignition Control , 2004 .

[95]  Koji Yamane,et al.  Combustion Improvement and Control for a Natural Gas HCCI Engine by the Internal EGR by Means of Intake-valve Pilot-opening , 2006 .

[96]  Mitsuru Konno,et al.  Ignition Mechanisms of HCCI Combustion Process Fueled With Methane/DME Composite Fuel , 2005 .

[97]  Jun Song,et al.  Performance of a controllable premixed combustion engine fueled with dimethyl ether , 2004 .

[98]  P. Dagaut,et al.  Oxidation of dimethoxymethane in a jet-stirred reactor , 2001 .

[99]  Pierre-Alexandre Glaude,et al.  Computer-aided design of gas-phase oxidation mechanisms—Application to the modeling of n-heptane and iso-octane oxidation , 1996 .

[100]  Dennis N. Assanis,et al.  Effect of fuel cetane number on a premixed diesel combustion mode , 2009 .

[101]  Huang Zhen,et al.  Heat Release Analysis on Combustion and Parametric Study on Emissions of HCCI Engines Fueled with 2-Propanol/n-Heptane Blend Fuels , 2006 .

[102]  Norimasa Iida,et al.  A study on combustion control by using internal and external EGR for HCCI engines fuelled with DME , 2006 .

[103]  Jose Geiger,et al.  Controlled Auto Ignition Combustion Process with an Electromechanical Valve Train , 2003 .

[104]  D. Foster,et al.  Compression-Ignited Homogeneous Charge Combustion , 1983 .

[105]  Ricardo Novella,et al.  Study on Low Temperature Combustion for Light-Duty Diesel Engines , 2010 .

[106]  Andrew C. Matheaus,et al.  Fuel Requirements for HCCI Engine Operation , 2003 .

[107]  Ronald K. Hanson,et al.  Shock tube ignition measurements of iso-octane/air and toluene/air at high pressures , 2005 .

[108]  J. Griffiths.  Reduced kinetic models and their application to practical combustion systems , 1995 .

[109]  Ingemar Denbratt,et al.  Demonstrating a SI-HCCI-SI Mode Change on a Volvo 5-Cylinder Electronic Valve Control Engine , 2003 .

[110]  Nick Collings,et al.  Investigation into partially premixed combustion in a light-duty multi-cylinder diesel engine fuelled gasoline and diesel with a mixture of , 2007 .

[111]  Zhen Huang,et al.  Controlled three-stage heat release of stratified charge compression ignition (SCCI) combustion with a two-stage primary reference fuel supply , 2011 .

[112]  John M. Simmie,et al.  Detailed chemical kinetic models for the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels , 2003 .

[113]  Ronald Reese,et al.  Autoignition Characteristics of Primary Reference Fuels and their Mixtures , 2009 .

[114]  Zunqing Zheng,et al.  Study on the controlling strategies of homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion with fuel of dimethyl ether and methanol , 2006 .

[115]  Ghazi A. Karim,et al.  A simulation of the combustion of hydrogen in HCCI engines using a 3D model with detailed chemical kinetics , 2008 .

[116]  Naoki Shimazaki,et al.  Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Premixed Lean Diesel Combustion Engine , 1997 .

[117]  Hua Zhao,et al.  Development of a fuel stratification spark ignition engine , 2005 .

[118]  A. Megaritis,et al.  Natural gas HCCI engine operation with exhaust gas fuel reforming , 2006 .

[119]  Nicolas Jeuland,et al.  Which Fuel Properties for Improved CAI Combustion? Study of Fuel Impacts on the Operating Range of a CAI PFI Engine , 2009 .

[120]  Chunde Yao,et al.  Reduction of Smoke and NOx from Diesel Engines Using a Diesel/Methanol Compound Combustion System , 2007 .

[121]  Tiziano Faravelli,et al.  A wide-range modeling study of iso-octane oxidation , 1997 .

[122]  A. Megaritis,et al.  Effect of inlet valve timing on boosted gasoline HCCI with residual gas trapping , 2005 .

[123]  William De Ojeda,et al.  Development of a Fuel Injection Strategy for Diesel LTC , 2008 .

[124]  Gautam Kalghatgi,et al.  The Available and Required Autoignition Quality of Gasoline - Like Fuels in HCCI Engines at High Temperatures , 2004 .

[125]  Kyoungdoug Min,et al.  Analysis of Cyclic Variation and the Effect of Fuel Stratification on Combustion Stabilityin a Port Fuel Injection (PFI) CAI Engine , 2009 .

[126]  Hong G. Im,et al.  The effects of non-uniform temperature distribution on the ignition of a lean homogeneous hydrogen–air mixture , 2005 .

[127]  F. C. Li,et al.  EFFECT OF DI-TERTIARY-BUTYL PEROXIDE ON IGNITION PERFORMANCE IN A COMPRESSION IGNITION NATURAL GAS ENGINE , 2007 .

[128]  David E. Foster,et al.  Characteristics of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Engine Operation for Variations in Compression Ratio, Speed, and Intake Temperature While Using n-Butane as a Fuel , 2003 .

[129]  Choongsik Bae,et al.  Effects of valve events on the engine efficiency in a homogeneous charge compression ignition engine fueled by dimethyl ether , 2009 .

[130]  Zhen Huang,et al.  Simultaneous reduction of NOx emission and smoke opacity of biodiesel-fueled engines by port injection of ethanol , 2008 .

[131]  Su Wan-hua,et al.  Advanced High Density-Low Temperature Combustion Theory and Technology , 2008 .

[132]  Mingfa Yao,et al.  Effect of EGR on HCCI Combustion fuelled with Dimethyl Ether (DME) and Methanol Dual-Fuels , 2005 .

[133]  Hideo Kawamura,et al.  Research on the Influence of Hydrogen and Carbon Monoxide on Methane HCCI Combustion , 2005 .

[134]  Peerawat Saisirirat,et al.  Effects of Ethanol, n-Butanol — n-Heptane Blended on Low Temperature Heat Release and HRR Phasing in Diesel-HCCI , 2009 .

[135]  Norimasa Iida,et al.  A study of high combustion efficiency and low co emission in a natural gas HCCI engine , 2004 .

[136]  Norimasa Iida,et al.  Influence of the fuel compositions on the homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion , 2008 .

[137]  Leonardo Tognotti,et al.  Experimental Study on ATAC (Active Thermo-Atmosphere Combustion) in a Two-Stroke Gasoline Engine , 1997 .

[138]  Yiqiang Pei,et al.  Effects of Heat Release Mode on Emissions and Efficiencies of a Compound Diesel Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Combustion Engine , 2006 .

[139]  Yan Zhang,et al.  Study of SI-HCCI-SI Transition on a Port Fuel Injection Engine Equipped with 4VVAS , 2007 .

[140]  Charles J. Mueller,et al.  An Experimental Investigation of the Origin of Increased NOx Emissions When Fueling a Heavy-Duty Compression-Ignition Engine with Soy Biodiesel , 2009 .

[141]  Nicolas Jeuland,et al.  New Hcci/Cai Combustion Process Development: Methodology for Determination , 2004 .

[142]  C. Lee,et al.  COMBUSTION AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTIAL HOMOGENEOUS CHARGE COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE , 2004 .

[143]  Jialin Yang,et al.  Robustness and Performance Near the Boundary of HCCI Operating Regime of a Single-Cylinder OKP Engine , 2006 .

[144]  Hongming Xu,et al.  Promotive Effect of Diesel Fuel on Gasoline HCCI Engine Operated with Negative Valve Overlap (NVO) , 2006 .

[145]  Yoichi Ishibashi.  Basic Understanding of Activated Radical Combustion and Its Two-Stroke Engine Application and Benefits , 2000 .

[146]  Bengt Johansson,et al.  Effects of Different Type of Gasoline Fuels on Heavy Duty Partially Premixed Combustion , 2009 .

[147]  C. Edwards,et al.  Experimental study of recompression reaction for low-load operation in direct-injection homogeneous charge compression ignition engines with n-heptane and i-octane fuels , 2009 .

[148]  Rolf D. Reitz,et al.  Analysis of Mixing and Thermal Effects on Low-Temperature Combustion in IC Engine Operation , 2009 .

[149]  C. Bae,et al.  The potential of di-methyl ether (DME) as an alternative fuel for compression-ignition engines: A review , 2008 .

[150]  Norimasa Iida,et al.  Autoignition and Combustion of Natural Gas in 4 Stroke HCCI Engine , 2001 .

[151]  Graham T. Reader,et al.  Heat Release Pattern Diagnostics to Improve Diesel Low Temperature Combustion , 2008 .

[152]  Guohong Tian,et al.  An experimental study of dieseline combustion in a direct injection engine , 2009 .

[153]  A. Megaritis,et al.  Applying forced induction to bioethanol HCCI operation with residual gas trapping , 2005 .

[154]  M. Morsy,et al.  Ignition control of methane fueled homogeneous charge compression ignition engines using additives , 2007 .

[155]  Günter Karl Fraidl,et al.  CSI - Controlled Auto Ignition - the Best Solution for the Fuel Consumption - Versus Emission Trade-Off? , 2003 .

[156]  Yuzo Aoyagi,et al.  Premixed Lean Diesel Combustion (PREDIC) using Impingement Spray System , 2001 .

[157]  C. Westbrook,et al.  Kinetic modeling of gasoline surrogate components and mixtures under engine conditions , 2011 .

[158]  Bengt Johansson,et al.  Influence of inlet pressure, EGR, combustion phasing, speed and pilot ratio on high load gasoline partially premixed combustion , 2010 .

[159]  O. Haidn,et al.  Modeling of n-Heptane and Iso-Octane Oxidation in Air , 2003 .

[160]  Choongsik Bae,et al.  The Dual-Fueled Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine Using Liquefied Petroleum Gas and Di-methyl Ether , 2007 .

[161]  Tiziano Faravelli,et al.  A wide-range modeling study of n-heptane oxidation , 1995 .

[162]  Hiroyuki Yamada,et al.  Kinetic measurements in homogeneous charge compression of dimethyl ether: role of intermediate formaldehyde controlling chain branching in the low-temperature oxidation mechanism , 2005 .

[163]  Choongsik Bae,et al.  Combustion Control using Two-Stage Diesel Fuel Injection in a Single-Cylinder PCCI Engine , 2004 .

[164]  Zhen Huang,et al.  Fuel design concept for improving the spray characteristics and emissions of diesel engines , 2005 .

[165]  Hiroyuki Nishida,et al.  Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition of Natural Gas/Air Mixture with Ozone Addition , 2006 .

[166]  Ghazi A. Karim,et al.  An analytical examination of the effects of hydrogen addition on cyclic variations in homogeneously charged compression–ignition engines , 2000 .

[167]  Bengt Johansson,et al.  A Turbocharged Dual-Fuel HCCI Engine , 2001 .

[168]  T Li,et al.  Regulated emissions and speciated hydrocarbons from smokeless low-temperature combustion diesel engines with ultra-high exhaust gas recirculation and exhaust oxidation catalyst , 2009 .

[169]  Shuji Kimura,et al.  New Combustion Concept for Ultra-Clean and High-Efficiency Small DI Diesel Engines , 1999 .

[170]  Paul C. Miles,et al.  On the Cyclic Variability and Sources of Unburned Hydrocarbon Emissions in Low Temperature Diesel Combustion Systems. , 2007 .

[171]  Jacques Vandooren,et al.  Kinetic study of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) oxidation in flames , 1998 .

[172]  Gen Shibata,et al.  Correlation of Low Temperature Heat Release With Fuel Composition and HCCI Engine Combustion , 2005 .

[173]  C. Lee,et al.  Effect of n-Heptane Premixing on Combustion Characteristics of Diesel Engine , 2005 .

[174]  P. A. Caton,et al.  Homogeneous charge compression ignition of hydrogen in a single-cylinder diesel engine , 2009 .

[175]  William J. Pitz,et al.  Effects of Toluene Addition to Primary Reference Fuel at High Temperature , 2007 .

[176]  R. A. White,et al.  Effects of injection angles on combustion processes using multiple injection strategies in an HSDI diesel engine , 2008 .

[177]  F. Battin‐Leclerc.  Detailed chemical kinetic models for the low-temperature combustion of hydrocarbons with application to gasoline and diesel fuel surrogates , 2008 .

[178]  Matsuo Odaka,et al.  Effects of Fuel Properties on Combustion and Exhaust Emissions of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Engine , 2004 .

[179]  C. Lee,et al.  Experimental and numerical study on the combustion characteristics of partially premixed charge compression ignition engine with dual fuel , 2003 .

[180]  Gen Shibata,et al.  The Effect of Fuel Properties on Low and High Temperature Heat Release and Resulting Performance of an HCCI Engine , 2004 .

[181]  Norimasa Iida,et al.  Combustion Analysis of Methanol-Fueled Active Thermo-Atmosphere Combustion (ATAC) Engine Using a Spectroscopic Observation , 1994 .

[182]  Bengt Johansson,et al.  Operation strategy of a Dual Fuel HCCI Engine with VGT , 2007 .

[183]  Noboru Miyamoto,et al.  Combustion control and operating range expansion in an homogeneous charge compression ignition engine with suppression of low-temperature oxidation by methanol: Influence of compression ratio and octane number of main fuel , 2007 .

[184]  Hui Xie,et al.  Investigation of SI-HCCI Hybrid Combustion and Control Strategies for Combustion Mode Switching in a Four-Stroke Gasoline Engine , 2009 .

[185]  Philippe Dagaut,et al.  The ignition, oxidation, and combustion of kerosene: A review of experimental and kinetic modeling , 2006 .

[186]  Takuji Ishiyama,et al.  Implementation of Ethanol Diesel Blend Fuels in PCCI Combustion , 2005 .

[187]  C. Westbrook,et al.  A Comprehensive Modeling Study of n-Heptane Oxidation , 1998 .

[188]  Yoshinaka Takeda,et al.  Emission Characteristics of Premixed Lean Diesel Combustion with Extremely Early Staged Fuel Injection , 1996 .

[189]  Hiromichi Yanagihara,et al.  Ignition timing control at Toyota UNIBUS combustion system , 2002 .

[190]  Aiyagari Ramesh,et al.  Effects of charge temperature and exhaust gas re-circulation on combustion and emission characteristics of an acetylene fuelled HCCI engine , 2010 .

[191]  Nicholas P. Cernansky,et al.  A flow reactor study of neopentane oxidation at 8 atmospheres: experiments and modeling , 1999 .

[192]  Tiegang Fang,et al.  Bio-diesel effects on combustion processes in an HSDI diesel engine using advanced injection strategies , 2009 .

[193]  Choongsik Bae,et al.  Gasoline−Di-methyl Ether Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine , 2007 .

[194]  John E. Dec,et al.  Boosted HCCI for high power without engine knock and with ultra-low NOx emissions - Using conventional gasoline , 2010 .

[195]  Nicholas P. Cernansky,et al.  Potential of Thermal Stratification and Combustion Retard for Reducing Pressure-Rise Rates in HCCI Engines, Based on Multi-Zone Modeling and Experiments , 2005 .

[196]  Hermann Rottengruber,et al.  Direct-Injection Hydrogen SI-Engine - Operation Strategy and Power Density Potentials , 2004 .

[197]  Song-Charng Kong,et al.  Effects of Biodiesel Blends on Emissions in Low Temperature Diesel Combustion , 2009 .

[198]  Vitali V. Lissianski,et al.  Combustion chemistry of propane: A case study of detailed reaction mechanism optimization , 2000 .

[199]  Maria Nehse,et al.  Kinetic modeling of the oxidation of large aliphatic hydrocarbons , 1996 .

[200]  Takayuki Ito,et al.  Mechanism of smokeless diesel combustion with oxygenated fuels based on the dependence of the equivalence ration and temperature on soot particle formation , 2002 .

[201]  Hans-Erik Ångström,et al.  Advantages of Fuels with High Resistance to Auto-ignition in Late-injection, Low-temperature, Compression Ignition Combustion , 2006 .

[202]  Jiro Senda,et al.  Fuel design concept for low emission in engine systems , 2000 .

[203]  Zhen Huang,et al.  Improved NOx and Smoke Emission Characteristics of a Biodiesel-Fueled Engine with the Port Fuel Injection of Various Premixed Fuels , 2008 .

[204]  G. Adomeit,et al.  Self-ignition of diesel-relevant hydrocarbon-air mixtures under engine conditions , 1996 .

[205]  Mingfa Yao,et al.  Investigation of the Effects of Injection Timing on Thermo-Atmosphere Combustion of Methanol , 2007 .

[206]  Nicolas Jeuland,et al.  Engine and Fuel Related Issues of Gasoline CAI (Controlled Auto-Ignition) Combustion , 2003 .

[207]  Frederick L. Dryer,et al.  The reaction kinetics of dimethyl ether. II: Low‐temperature oxidation in flow reactors , 2000 .

[208]  Yukiyasu Tanaka,et al.  A Study on Gasoline Engine Combustion by Observation of Intermediate Reactive Products during Combustion , 1979 .

[209]  Charles J. Mueller,et al.  Effects of Fuel Volatility on Early Direct-Injection, Low-Temperature Combustion in an Optical Diesel Engine , 2010 .

[210]  J. Zádor,et al.  Kinetics of elementary reactions in low-temperature autoignition chemistry , 2011 .

[211]  Nick Collings,et al.  Investigation into Partially Premixed Combustion in a Light-Duty Multi-Cylinder Diesel Engine Fuelled with a Mixture of Gasoline and Diesel , 2007 .

[212]  M. Wyszyński,et al.  AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF BIOETHANOL HCCI , 2005 .

[213]  B. Gatellier,et al.  Near Zero NOx Emissions and High Fuel Efficiency Diesel Engine: the Naditm Concept Using Dual Mode Combustion , 2003 .

[214]  Paul M. Najt,et al.  Investigations into the Effects of Thermal and Compositional Stratification on HCCI Combustion – Part I: Metal Engine Results , 2009 .

[215]  Wei Liu,et al.  Characterization of knocking combustion in HCCI DME engine using wavelet packet transform , 2010 .

[216]  Takeshi Miyamoto,et al.  Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Multiple Stage Diesel Combustion , 1998 .

[217]  Martin L. Willi,et al.  Using Pilot Diesel Injection in a Natural Gas Fueled HCCI Engine , 2002 .

[218]  Bin Liu,et al.  Injection Mode Modulation for HCCI Diesel Combustion , 2005 .

[219]  Michel Castagne,et al.  New Developments of the NADI (TM) Concept to Improve Operating Range, Exhaust Emissions and Noise , 2006 .

[220]  Paul C. Miles,et al.  UHC and CO Emissions Sources from a Light-Duty Diesel Engine Undergoing Dilution Controlled Low Te , 2009 .

[221]  Charles K. Westbrook,et al.  Chemical kinetics of hydrocarbon ignition in practical combustion systems , 2000 .

[222]  William J. Pitz,et al.  The effects of pressure, temperature, and concentration on the reactivity of alkanes: Experiments and modeling in a rapid compression machine , 1998 .

[223]  Robert Fleck,et al.  A Study of Efficiency and Emissions for a 4-Stroke SI and a CAI Engine with EEGR and Light Boost , 2006 .

[224]  Takeshi Morikawa,et al.  Expanding the HCCI Operation With the Charge Stratification , 2004 .

[225]  Paul C. Miles,et al.  Effect of Intake Pressure on Performance and Emissions in an Automotive Diesel Engine Operating in Low Temperature Combustion Regimes , 2007 .

[226]  Jean-Louis Delfau,et al.  Experimental Study of the Chemical Structure of Low-Pressure Premixed n>Heptane-02-Ar and lso-Octane-02-Ar Flames , 1997 .

[227]  Bertrand Lecointe,et al.  Impact of fuel characteristics on HCCI combustion: Performances and emissions , 2010 .

[228]  Hans-Erik Ångström,et al.  Partially pre-mixed auto-ignition of gasoline to attain low smoke and low NOx at high load in a compression ignition engine and comparison with a diesel fuel , 2007 .

[229]  William J. Pitz,et al.  Ignition of Isomers of Pentane: An Experimental and Kinetic Modeling Study , 2000 .

[230]  C. H. Lee,et al.  An Experimental Study on the Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Stratified Charge Compression Ignition (SCCI) Engine , 2007 .

[231]  Frederick L. Dryer,et al.  The reaction kinetics of dimethyl ether. I: High‐temperature pyrolysis and oxidation in flow reactors , 2000 .

[232]  Dimitrios T. Hountalas,et al.  A parametric investigation of hydrogen hcci combustion using a multi-zone model approach , 2007 .

[233]  Fabian Mauss,et al.  Homogeneous charge compression ignition operation with natural gas: Fuel composition implications , 2003 .

[234]  Zhen Huang,et al.  Inhibition effect of doping methyl tert-butyl ether compounds to n-heptane on homogenous charge compression ignition combustion , 2008 .

[235]  Norimasa Iida,et al.  Combustion Analysis of Natural Gas in a Four Stroke HCCI Engine Using Experiment and Elementary Reactions Calculation , 2003 .

[236]  Bengt Johansson,et al.  Evaluation of the Operating Range of Partially Premixed Combustion in a Multi Cylinder Heavy Duty Engine with Extensive EGR , 2009 .

[237]  Charles J. Mueller,et al.  Early Direct-Injection, Low-Temperature Combustion of Diesel Fuel in an Optical Engine Utilizing a 15-Hole, Dual-Row, Narrow-Included-Angle Nozzle , 2008 .

[238]  X-C Lu,et al.  Experimental study on the effects of mixture homogeneity on stratified-charge compression ignition combustion , 2008 .

[239]  Hatim Machrafi,et al.  Three-stage autoignition of gasoline in an HCCI engine: An experimental and chemical kinetic modeling investigation , 2008 .

[240]  Yiqun Huang,et al.  New Diesel Emission Control Strategy to Meet US Tier 2 Emissions Regulations , 2005 .

[241]  Rolf D. Reitz,et al.  Homogeneous Charge Progressive Combustion (HCPC): CFD Study of an Innovative Diesel HCCI Concept , 2009 .

[242]  Ingemar Denbratt,et al.  The Effect of Charge Air and Fuel Injection Parameters on Combustion with High Levels of EGR in a HDDI Single Cylinder Diesel Engine , 2007 .

[243]  Robert M. Wagner,et al.  On the Nature of Cyclic Dispersion in Spark Assisted HCCI Combustion , 2006 .

[244]  Paul C. Miles,et al.  The Influence of Charge Dilution and Injection Timing on Low-Temperature Diesel Combustion and Emissions , 2005 .

[245]  A. Megaritis,et al.  An investigation into propane homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine operation with residual gas trapping , 2005 .

[246]  Rolf D. Reitz,et al.  An Experimental Investigation of Fuel Reactivity Controlled PCCI Combustion in a Heavy-Duty Engine , 2010 .

[247]  Wei Chen,et al.  Study on the Ignition, Combustion and Emissions of HCCI Combustion Engines Fueled With Primary Reference Fuels , 2005 .

[248]  Paul C. Miles,et al.  In-cylinder CO and UHC imaging in a light-duty diesel engine during PPCI low-temperature combustion. , 2008 .

[249]  Xingcai Lu,et al.  Effects of premixed n-heptane from the intake port on the combustion characteristics and emissions of biodiesel-fuelled engines , 2008 .

[250]  C. H. Schleyer,et al.  Effects of Fuel Property Changes on Heavy-Duty HCCI Combustion , 2007 .

[251]  Zhen Huang,et al.  Effects of an In-Cylinder Active Thermo-Atmosphere Environment on Diesel Engine Combustion Characteristics and Emissions , 2008 .

[252]  Ocktaeck Lim,et al.  The Research About the Effects of Thermal Stratification on n-Heptane/iso-Octane-Air Mixture HCCI Combustion Using a Rapid Compression Machine , 2006 .

[253]  Paul C. Miles,et al.  Influence of Spray-Target and Squish Height on Sources of CO and UHC in a HSDI Diesel Engine During PPCI Low-Temperature Combustion , 2009 .

[254]  Yiqiang Pei,et al.  High Density-Low Temperature Combustion in Diesel Engine Based on Technologies of Variable Boost Pressure and Intake Valve Timing , 2009 .

[255]  Zhen Huang,et al.  Attainment and Load Extension of High-Efficiency Premixed Low-Temperature Combustion with Dieseline in a Compression Ignition Engine , 2010 .

[256]  Bengt Johansson,et al.  Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Using Isooctane, Ethanol and Natural Gas - A Comparison with Spark Ignition Operation , 1997 .

[257]  Gen Shibata,et al.  Realization of Dual Phase High Temperature Heat Release Combustion of Base Gasoline Blends from Oil Refineries and a Study of HCCI Combustion Processes , 2009 .

[258]  Bruce G. Bunting,et al.  Fuel Composition Effects at Constant RON and MON in an HCCI Engine Operated with Negative Valve Overlap , 2006 .

[259]  M. D. Checkel,et al.  Investigating the Effects of Reformed Fuel Blending in a Methane- or n-Heptane-HCCI Engine Using a Multi-Zone Model , 2007 .

[260]  M. Ribaucour,et al.  Comparison of oxidation and autoignition of the two primary reference fuels by rapid compression , 1996 .

[261]  John E. Dec,et al.  Influence of Fuel Autoignition Reactivity on the High-Load Limits of HCCI Engines , 2008 .

[262]  Günter Karl Fraidl,et al.  The new AVL CSI engine : HCCI operation on a multi cylinder gasoline engine , 2004 .

[263]  Naeim A. Henein,et al.  Advanced Low Temperature Combustion (ALTC): Diesel Engine Performance, Fuel Economy and Emissions , 2008 .

[264]  C. Westbrook,et al.  A Comprehensive Modeling Study of iso-Octane Oxidation , 2002 .

[265]  John E. Dec,et al.  Effects of engine speed, fueling rate, and combustion phasing on the thermal stratification required to limit HCCI knocking intensity , 2005 .

[266]  Lei Shi,et al.  Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Partial Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (p-HCCI) by Adding Fuel Injection in Negative Valve Overlap , 2009 .

[267]  P. Dagaut,et al.  Oxidation of neopentane in a jet-stirred reactor from 1 to 10 atm: an experimental and detailed kinetic modeling study , 1999 .

[268]  Nick Collings,et al.  Experimental investigation of a control method for SI-HCCI-SI transition in a multi-cylinder gasoline engine , 2010 .

[269]  Kihyung Lee,et al.  An experimental study of the extent of the operating region and emission characteristics of stratified combustion using the controlled autoignition method , 2006 .

[270]  R. A. White,et al.  Smokeless Combustion within a Small-Bore HSDI Diesel Engine Using a Narrow Angle Injector , 2007 .

[271]  Francisco Espinosa-Loza,et al.  Fuel and Additive Characterization for HCCI Combustion , 2003 .

[272]  S. Chung,et al.  Effect of additives on ignition of methane at homogeneous charge compression ignition engine-like conditions , 2007 .

[273]  Bruce G. Bunting,et al.  The Effects of Fuel Composition and Compression Ratio on Thermal Efficiency in an HCCI Engine , 2007 .

[274]  Roger B. Krieger,et al.  Investigation of the Effects of Cetane Number, Volatility, and Total Aromatic Content on Highly-Dilute Low Temperature Diesel Combustion , 2010 .

[275]  Philippe Gilbert,et al.  An experimental and numerical analysis of the HCCI auto-ignition process of primary reference fuels, toluene reference fuels and diesel fuel in an engine, varying the engine parameters , 2008 .

[276]  Colin P. Garner,et al.  Effects of Fuel Injection Parameters on Low Temperature Diesel Combustion Stability , 2010 .

[277]  Gen Shibata,et al.  Auto-Ignition Characteristics of Hydrocarbons and Development of HCCI Fuel Index , 2007 .

[278]  Hui Xie,et al.  The Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Ethanol on a Port Fuel Injection HCCI Engine , 2006 .

[279]  Charles J. Mueller,et al.  Recent progress in the development of diesel surrogate fuels , 2009 .

[280]  Ryo Hasegawa,et al.  HCCI Combustion in DI Diesel Engine , 2003 .

[281]  A. Megaritis,et al.  Effect of water blending on bioethanol HCCI combustion with forced induction and residual gas trapping , 2007 .

[282]  Graham T. Reader,et al.  Energy efficiency improvement strategies for a diesel engine in low‐temperature combustion , 2009 .

[283]  Ingemar Denbratt,et al.  HCCI Operation of a Passenger Car Common Rail DI Diesel Engine With Early Injection of Conventional Diesel Fuel , 2004 .

[284]  Tiziano Faravelli,et al.  Experimental data and kinetic modeling of primary reference fuel mixtures , 1996 .

[285]  Wang Ying,et al.  Study of HCCI-DI combustion and emissions in a DME engine , 2009 .

[286]  Usman Asad,et al.  Efficiency & Stability Improvements of Diesel Low Temperature Combustion through Tightened Intake Oxygen Control , 2010 .

[287]  Ingemar Denbratt,et al.  The Influence of PRF and Commercial Fuels with High Octane Number on the Auto-ignition Timing of an Engine Operated in HCCI Combustion Mode with Negative Valve Overlap , 2004 .

[288]  M. D. Checkel,et al.  Extending the Load Range of a Natural Gas HCCI Engine using Direct Injected Pilot Charge and External EGR , 2009 .

[289]  Takayuki Fuyuto,et al.  Dual-Fuel PCI Combustion Controlled by In-Cylinder Stratification of Ignitability , 2006 .

[290]  C. Lee,et al.  Effect of Premixed Gasoline Fuel on the Combustion Characteristics of Compression Ignition Engine , 2004 .

[291]  Norimasa Iida,et al.  Basic research on the suitable fuel for HCCI engine from the viewpoint of chemical reaction , 2005 .

[292]  Graham T. Reader,et al.  Biodiesel engine performance and emissions in low temperature combustion , 2008 .

[293]  Hiroyuki Yamada,et al.  Chemical mechanistic analysis of additive effects in homogeneous charge compression ignition of dimethyl ether , 2005 .

[294]  Pavlos Aleiferis,et al.  Hydrogen SI and HCCI Combustion in a Direct-Injection Optical Engine , 2009 .

[295]  S. Simonini,et al.  Combustion performance of methane, iso-octane, toluene and methanol in a spark-ignition engine , 1999 .

[296]  D. Blundell,et al.  SI-HCCI-SI Mode Transition at Different Engine Operating Conditions , 2005 .

[297]  Vahid Hosseini,et al.  Reformer Gas Composition Effect on HCCI Combustion of n-Heptane, iso-Octane, and Natural Gas , 2008 .

[298]  Thomas W. Ryan,et al.  HCCI Operation of a Dual-Fuel Natural Gas Engine for Improved Fuel Efficiency and Ultra-Low NOx Emissions at Low to Moderate Engine Loads , 2001 .

[299]  Zhen Huang,et al.  Experimental Study on Influencing Factors of iso-Octane Thermo-atmosphere Combustion in a Dual-Fuel Stratified Charge Compression Ignition (SCCI) Engine , 2009 .

[300]  Dennis N. Assanis,et al.  Premixed Low Temperature Combustion of Biodiesel and Blends in a High Speed Compression Ignition Engine , 2009 .

[301]  Xin He,et al.  An experimental and modeling study of iso-octane ignition delay times under homogeneous charge compression ignition conditions , 2005 .

[302]  J. Griffiths,et al.  Experimental and numerical studies of the combustion of ditertiary butyl peroxide in the presence of oxygen at low pressures in a mechanically stirred closed vessel , 1990 .

[303]  Choongsik Bae,et al.  The Effect of Injection Location of DME and LPG in a Dual Fuel HCCI Engine , 2009 .

[304]  J. Dec.  A Conceptual Model of DI Diesel Combustion Based on Laser-Sheet Imaging* , 1997 .

[305]  Zhen Huang,et al.  Combustion stabilities and cycle-by-cycle variations of n-heptane homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion , 2007 .

[306]  Dimitrios T. Hountalas,et al.  Combustion and exhaust emission characteristics of a dual fuel compression ignition engine operated with pilot Diesel fuel and natural gas , 2004 .

[307]  John E. Dec,et al.  EGR and Intake Boost for Managing HCCI Low-Temperature Heat Release over Wide Ranges of Engine Speed , 2007 .

[308]  N Ladommatos,et al.  Understanding of controlled autoignition combustion in a four-stroke gasoline engine , 2001 .

[309]  P. Gaffuri,et al.  Autoignition chemistry in a motored engine: An experimental and kinetic modeling study , 1996 .

[310]  Hua Zhao,et al.  CHARACTERISTICS OF HOMOGENEOUS CHARGE COMPRESSION IGNITION (HCCI) COMBUSTION AND EMISSIONS OF n-HEPTANE , 2005 .

[311]  Kangyao Deng,et al.  Study of diesel-fuelled homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion by in-cylinder early fuel injection and negative valve overlap , 2005 .

[312]  Shuji Kimura,et al.  Ultra - Clean Combustion Technology Combining a Low - Temperature and Premixed Combustion Concept fo , 2001 .

[313]  Tiegang Fang,et al.  Biodiesel combustion in an optical HSDI diesel engine under low load premixed combustion conditions , 2009 .

[314]  Bengt Johansson,et al.  Partially Premixed Combustion at High Load using Gasoline and Ethanol, a Comparison with Diesel , 2009 .

[315]  William J. Pitz,et al.  Detailed chemical kinetic reaction mechanisms for primary reference fuels for diesel cetane number and spark-ignition octane number , 2011 .

[316]  Mingfa Yao,et al.  Experimental Study on Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Combustion With Fuel of Dimethyl Ether and Natural Gas , 2006 .

[317]  Xiaoye Han,et al.  Fuel Injection Strategies to Improve Emissions and Efficiency of High Compression Ratio Diesel Engines , 2008 .

[318]  Tiegang Fang,et al.  Low sooting combustion of narrow-angle wall-guided sprays in an HSDI diesel engine with retarded injection timings , 2011 .

[319]  Song Zhen-huan,et al.  Premix Film Type Compression Ignition Combustion , 1992 .

[320]  Yiqiang Pei,et al.  A Compound Technology for HCCI Combustion in a DI Diesel Engine Based on the Multi-Pulse Injection and the BUMP Combustion Chamber , 2003 .

[321]  Shijin Shuai,et al.  New gasoline homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion system using two-state direct injection and assisted spark ignition , 2006 .

[322]  Ocktaeck Lim,et al.  An Investigation of the Effect of Thermal Stratification on HCCI Combustion by using Rapid Compression Machine , 2007 .

[323]  Nicholas P. Cernansky,et al.  Effects of DTBP on the HCCI Combustion Characteristics of SI Primary Reference Fuels , 2005 .

[324]  R. Mikalsen,et al.  An investigation of hydrogen-fuelled HCCI engine performance and operation , 2008 .

[325]  Toshio Shudo,et al.  An HCCI combustion engine system using on-board reformed gases of methanol with waste heat recovery: ignition control by hydrogen , 2006 .

[326]  Seungmook Oh,et al.  Improvement of DME HCCI Engine Performance by Fuel Injection Strategies and EGR , 2008 .

[327]  V. Warth,et al.  Progress toward a unified detailed kinetic model for the autoignition of alkanes from C4 to C10 between 600 and 1200 K , 2005 .

[328]  Nick Collings,et al.  Gasoline Fuelled Partially Premixed Compression Ignition in a Light Duty Multi Cylinder Engine: A Study of Low Load and Low Speed Operation , 2009 .

[329]  William J. Pitz,et al.  A WIDE RANGE MODELING STUDY OF DIMETHYL ETHER OXIDATION , 1997 .

[330]  A. R. Noorpoor,et al.  Effects of fuel additives on ignition timing of methane fuelled HCCI engine , 2009 .

[331]  Matthias Lamping,et al.  Advanced Combustion for Low Emissions and High Efficiency Part 2: Impact of Fuel Properties on HCCI Combustion , 2008 .

[332]  Yoichi Ishibashi,et al.  Improving the Exhaust Emissions of Two-Stroke Engines by Applying the Activated Radical Combustion , 1996 .

[333]  Charles K. Westbrook,et al.  An intermediate temperature modeling study of the combustion of neopentane , 1995 .

[334]  Pehr Björnbom,et al.  Co-oxidation in the auto-ignition of primary reference fuels and n-heptane/toluene blends , 2005 .

[335]  Rolf D. Reitz,et al.  Clean Diesel Combustion by Means of the HCPC Concept , 2010 .

[336]  C. Westbrook,et al.  Chemical kinetic modeling of hydrocarbon combustion , 1984 .

[337]  Bengt Johansson,et al.  The Hcci Combustion Process in a Single Cycle-High-Speed Fuel Tracer Lif and Chemiluminescence Imaging , 2002 .

[338]  A Fürhapter,et al.  6 – Four-stroke CAI engines with internal exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) , 2007 .

[339]  Huang Zhen,et al.  THE EFFECTS OF EXTERNAL EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION AND CETANE NUMBER IMPROVER ON THE GASOLINE HOMOGENOUS CHARGE COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES , 2006 .

[340]  Nicholas P. Cernansky,et al.  Autoignition chemistry studies on primary reference fuels in a motored engine , 1994 .

[341]  Wang Ying,et al.  Performance and Emissions of a Compression-Ignition Engine Fueled with Dimethyl Ether and Rapeseed Oil Blends , 2007 .

[342]  Ingemar Denbratt,et al.  HCCI Combustion Using Charge Stratification for Combustion Control , 2007 .

[343]  Kohtaro Hashimoto,et al.  Effect of Ethanol on the HCCI Combustion , 2007 .

[344]  Bengt Johansson,et al.  Investigation of Boundary Layer Behaviour in HCCI Combustion using Chemiluminescence Imaging , 2005 .

[345]  C. Lee,et al.  Improved emission characteristics of HCCI engine by various premixed fuels and cooled EGR , 2006 .

[346]  Zhi Wang,et al.  Mode switch of SI-HCCI combustion on a GDI engine , 2007 .

[347]  Vahid Hosseini,et al.  Effect of Reformer Gas on HCCI Combustion - Part I:High Octane Fuels , 2007 .

[348]  Rolf D. Reitz,et al.  An Optical Investigation of Ignition Processes in Fuel Reactivity Controlled PCCI Combustion , 2010 .

[349]  Zhi Wang,et al.  Study of the Effect of Spark Ignition on Gasoline HCCI Combustion , 2006 .

[350]  J Yang,et al.  Expanding the operating range of homogeneous charge compression ignition-spark ignition dual-mode engines in the homogeneous charge compression ignition mode , 2005 .

[351]  Meiping Wang,et al.  Thermal Efficiency Analyses of Diesel Low Temperature Combustion Cycles , 2007 .

[352]  Yoichi Ishibashi,et al.  A Low Pressure Pneumatic Direct Injection Two-Stroke Engine by Activated Radical Combustion Concept , 1998 .

[353]  Pehr Björnbom,et al.  Autoignition of toluene reference fuels at high pressures modeled with detailed chemical kinetics , 2007 .

[354]  Zhen Huang,et al.  Experimental study and chemical analysis of n-heptane homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion with port injection of reaction inhibitors , 2007 .

[355]  Bengt Johansson,et al.  The Influence of Charge Inhomogeneity on the HCCI Combustion Process , 2000 .

[356]  T. J. Held,et al.  A comprehensive mechanism for methanol oxidation , 1998 .

[357]  B. Johansson,et al.  Characterization of Partially Premixed Combustion , 2006 .

[358]  Lyle M. Pickett,et al.  Low flame temperature limits for mixing-controlled Diesel combustion , 2005 .

[359]  Kenji Kawai,et al.  Trial of New Concept Diesel Combustion System - Premixed Compression-Ignited Combustion - , 1999 .

[360]  J. C. Boettner,et al.  Chemical kinetic study of dimethylether oxidation in a jet stirred reactor from 1 to 10 ATM: Experiments and kinetic modeling , 1996 .

[361]  Bertrand Gatellier,et al.  Development of the High Power NADI™ Concept Using Dual Mode Diesel Combustion to Achieve Zero NOx and Particulate Emissions , 2002 .

[362]  A. Megaritis,et al.  Experimental Investigation into HCCI Combustion Using Gasoline and Diesel Blended Fuels , 2005 .

[363]  Hans-Erik Ångström,et al.  Transient Control of HCCI Through Combined Intake and Exhaust Valve Actuation , 2003 .

[364]  Xiaoye Han,et al.  Prompt Heat Release Analysis to Improve Diesel Low Temperature Combustion , 2009 .

[365]  Matsuo Odaka,et al.  Search for optimizing control method of homogeneous charge diesel combustion , 1999 .

[366]  Rolf D. Reitz,et al.  The use of variable geometry sprays with low pressure injection for optimization of diesel HCCI engine combustion , 2005 .

[367]  Thomas A. Litzinger,et al.  THE DILUTED STOICHIOMETRIC OXIDATION OF ISO-OCTANE IN THE INTERMEDIATE TEMPERATURE REGIME AT ELEVATED PRESSURES , 2001 .

[368]  Rolf D. Reitz,et al.  CFD Study of HCPC Turbocharged Engine , 2010 .