Multi-model predictive control for wind turbine operation under meandering wake of upstream turbines

Abstract In wind farm operation, the performance and loads of downstream turbines are heavily influenced by the wake of the upstream turbines. Furthermore, the actual wake is more challenging due to the dynamic phenomenon of wake meandering, i.e. the turbine wake often demonstrates dynamic shift over time. To deal with the time-varying characteristics of wake meandering, a multiple model predictive control (MMPC) scheme is applied to the individual pitch control (IPC) based load reduction. The coherence function in the spectral method is used to generate the stochastic wind profile including wake meandering at upstream turbine, and a simplified wake meandering model is developed to emulate the trajectory of the wake center at downstream turbine. The Larsen wake model and Gaussian distribution of wake deficit are applied for composing wind profiles across the rotor of downstream turbines. A set of MMPC controllers are designed based on different linearized state-space models, and are applied in a smooth switching manner. Simulation results show significant reduction in the variation of both rotor speed and blade-root flapwise bending moment using the MMPC based IPC by including the wake meandering, as compared to a benchmark PI controller designed by NREL.

[1]  Yaoyu Li,et al.  Optimizing Energy Capture of Cascaded Wind Turbine Array With Nested-Loop Extremum Seeking Control , 2015 .

[2]  Henrik Alfredsson,et al.  Measurements on a wind turbine wake: 3D effects and bluff body vortex shedding , 2006 .

[3]  Gunner Chr. Larsen,et al.  A simplified approach for simulation of wake meandering , 2006 .

[4]  Sandrine Aubrun,et al.  Is the Meandering of a Wind Turbine Wake Due to Atmospheric Length Scales , 2009 .

[5]  Stephen P. Boyd,et al.  Fast Model Predictive Control Using Online Optimization , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology.

[6]  Mark J. Balas,et al.  Periodic Disturbance Accommodating Control for Blade Load Mitigation in Wind Turbines , 2003 .

[7]  J. L. Rodriguez-Amenedo,et al.  Operation and coordinated control of fixed and variable speed wind farms , 2008 .

[8]  Alan Wright,et al.  The use of preview wind measurements for blade pitch control , 2011 .

[9]  Ricardo J. Mantz,et al.  Wind farm non-linear control for damping electromechanical oscillations of power systems , 2008 .

[10]  Stephen P. Boyd,et al.  Load reduction of wind turbines using receding horizon control , 2011, 2011 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications (CCA).

[11]  Torben J. Larsen,et al.  Wake meandering: a pragmatic approach , 2008 .

[12]  Torben J. Larsen,et al.  Calibration and Validation of the Dynamic Wake Meandering Model for Implementation in an Aeroelastic Code , 2010 .

[13]  Karl Stol,et al.  Scheduled Model Predictive Control of a Wind Tur bine , 2009 .

[14]  Ervin Bossanyi,et al.  Wind Energy Handbook , 2001 .

[15]  L Y Pao,et al.  Control of Wind Turbines , 2011, IEEE Control Systems.

[16]  Patrick Moriarty,et al.  AeroDyn Theory Manual , 2005 .

[17]  Neil Kelley,et al.  Model Predictive Control Using Preview Measurements From LIDAR y , 2011 .

[18]  Mayuresh V. Kothare,et al.  Stability analysis of a multi-model predictive control algorithm with application to control of chemical reactors , 2006 .

[19]  B.W. Bequette,et al.  Multiple Model Predictive Control: A State Estimation based Approach , 2007, 2007 American Control Conference.

[20]  Maryam Soleimanzadeh,et al.  Controller design for a wind farm, considering both power and load aspects , 2011 .

[21]  N. Jensen,et al.  Lateral coherence in isotropic turbulence and in the natural wind , 1979 .

[22]  Fernando Porté-Agel,et al.  Influence of atmospheric stability on wind-turbine wakes: A large-eddy simulation study , 2014 .

[23]  J. F. Ainslie,et al.  CALCULATING THE FLOWFIELD IN THE WAKE OF WIND TURBINES , 1988 .

[24]  Yaoyu Li,et al.  Individual Pitch Control for Wind Turbine Load Reduction Including Wake Modeling , 2011 .

[25]  B. Jonkman,et al.  TurbSim User's Guide , 2005 .

[26]  A. Crespo,et al.  Advances in large-eddy simulation of a wind turbine wake , 2007 .

[27]  Doug Cooper,et al.  A Practical Multiple Model Adaptive Strategy for Multivariable Model Predictive Control , 2003 .

[28]  D. N. Asimakopoulos,et al.  A field study of the wake behind a 2 MW wind turbine , 1988 .

[29]  Kathryn E. Johnson,et al.  Wind farm control: Addressing the aerodynamic interaction among wind turbines , 2009, 2009 American Control Conference.

[30]  Bjarne A. Foss,et al.  An interpolating model predictive control strategy with application to a waste treatment plant , 1997 .

[31]  J. Jonkman,et al.  Definition of a 5-MW Reference Wind Turbine for Offshore System Development , 2009 .

[32]  S. Joe Qin,et al.  A survey of industrial model predictive control technology , 2003 .

[33]  Thomas Buhl,et al.  Model Predictive Control of Trailing Edge Flaps on a wind turbine blade , 2011, Proceedings of the 2011 American Control Conference.

[34]  Doug Cooper,et al.  A practical multiple model adaptive strategy for single-loop MPC , 2003 .

[35]  B. Bequette,et al.  Multiple Model Predictive Control of Nonlinear Systems , 2009 .

[36]  Morten Nielsen,et al.  Simulation of inhomogeneous, non-stationary and non-Gaussian turbulent winds , 2007 .