Optical fiber sensors : advanced techniques and applications

Preface Editors Contributors Introduction to Optical Fiber Sensors Ginu Rajan Optical Fiber Sensing Solutions: From Macro- to Micro-/Nanoscale Yuliya Semenova and Gerald Farrell Interferometric Fiber-Optic Sensors Sara Tofighi, Abolfazl Bahrampour, Nafiseh Pishbin, and Ali Reza Bahrampour Polymer Optical Fiber Sensors Kara Peters Surface Plasmon Resonance Fiber-Optic Sensors Kent B. Pfeifer and Steven M. Thornberg Photonic-Crystal Fibers for Sensing Applications Ana M.R. Pinto Liquid Crystal Optical Fibers for Sensing Applications Sunish Mathews and Yuliya Semenova Optical Microfiber Physical Sensors George Y. Chen and Gilberto Brambilla Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors and Interrogation Systems Dipankar Sengupta Polymer Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors and Their Applications David J. Webb Acousto-Optic Effect and Its Application in Optical Fibers Alexandre de Almeida Prado Pohl Distributed Fiber-Optic Sensors and Their Applications Balaji Srinivasan and Deepa Venkitesh Fiber Laser-Based Sensing Technologies Asrul Izam Azmi, Muhammad Yusof Mohd Noor, Haifeng Qi, Kun Liu, and Gang-Ding Peng Active Core Optical Fiber Chemical Sensors and Applications Shiquan Tao Optical Fiber Humidity Sensors Muhammad Yusof Mohd Noor, Gang-Ding Peng, and Ginu Rajan Medical Applications of Fiber-Optic Sensors Vandana Mishra Optical Fiber Sensors for Smart Composite Materials and Structures Manjusha Ramakrishnan, Yuliya Semenova, Gerald Farrell, and Ginu Rajan Future Perspectives for Fiber-Optic Sensing Brian Culshaw Index

[1]  Gang-Ding Peng,et al.  Microstructured Fiber Sealed-Void Interferometric Humidity Sensor , 2014, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[2]  Michael Fokine,et al.  Growth dynamics of chemical composition gratings in fluorine-doped silica optical fibers. , 2002, Optics letters.

[3]  T. K. Gangopadhyay,et al.  Prospects for Fibre Bragg Gratings and Fabry-Perot Interferometers in fibre-optic vibration sensing , 2004 .

[4]  Qingping Yang,et al.  DP flow sensor using optical fibre Bragg grating , 2001 .

[5]  Michael Feld,et al.  Detecting high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in the cervix with quantitative spectroscopy and per-patient normalization , 2011, Biomedical optics express.

[6]  J. Schuman,et al.  Optical coherence tomography. , 2000, Science.

[7]  M. Antonelli,et al.  A fibre optics system for the evaluation of airway pressure in mechanically ventilated patients , 2005, Intensive Care Medicine.

[8]  D. Grobnic,et al.  Bragg gratings written in all-SiO/sub 2/ and Ge-doped core fibers with 800-nm femtosecond radiation and a phase mask , 2004, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[9]  Gang-Ding Peng,et al.  A fast response intrinsic humidity sensor based on an etched singlemode polymer fiber Bragg grating , 2013 .

[10]  Dean Callaghan,et al.  Force Sensing Surgical Scissor Blades using Fibre Bragg Grating Sensors , 2013 .

[11]  Tong Sun,et al.  Highly photosensitive Sb/Er/Ge-codoped silica fiber for writing fiber Bragg gratings with strong high-temperature sustainability. , 2003, Optics letters.

[12]  Gang-Ding Peng,et al.  Optical relative humidity sensor based on a hollow core-photonic bandgap fiber , 2012 .

[13]  Gilberto Brambilla,et al.  Photorefractive index gratings in SnO2:SiO2 optical fibers , 2000 .

[14]  Satyendra Kumar,et al.  Liquid crystals : experimental study of physical properties and phase transitions , 2001 .

[15]  Łukasz Dziuda,et al.  Fiber Bragg grating-based sensor for monitoring respiration and heart activity during magnetic resonance imaging examinations , 2013, Journal of biomedical optics.

[16]  P. Kishore,et al.  Encapsulated fiber Bragg grating sensor for high temperature measurements , 2011 .

[17]  P. Katehi,et al.  Electric field mapping system using an optical-fiber-based electrooptic probe , 2001, IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters.

[18]  Jesús M. Corres,et al.  Vibration Detection Using Optical Fiber Sensors , 2010, J. Sensors.

[19]  Qifa Zhou,et al.  Integrated optical coherence tomography, ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging for ovarian tissue characterization , 2011, Biomedical optics express.

[20]  J. Fujimoto,et al.  In vivo retinal imaging by optical coherence tomography. , 1993, Optics letters.

[21]  Gang-Ding Peng,et al.  Broad range pH sensor based on sol–gel entrapped indicators on fibre optic , 2008 .

[22]  Christopher H Contag,et al.  Fiber-optic probes enable cancer detection with FTIR spectroscopy. , 2010, Trends in biotechnology.

[23]  M. Wolf,et al.  Photonic textiles for pulse oximetry. , 2008, Optics express.

[24]  Siavash Yazdanfar,et al.  Real-time in vivo color Doppler optical coherence tomography. , 2002, Journal of biomedical optics.

[25]  Sailing He,et al.  Low-cost high-performance fiber-optic pH sensor based on thin-core fiber modal interferometer. , 2009, Optics express.

[26]  P. Lesiak,et al.  Tunable highly-birefringent Photonic Liquid Crystal Fibers , 2007, 2007 IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Technology Conference IMTC 2007.

[27]  Gang-Ding Peng,et al.  SOA-based fiber ring laser with seed of DFB wavelength scanning for relative humidity measurement using an air-guided photonic crystal fiber , 2013 .

[28]  Francisco J Arregui,et al.  Fiber-optic pH-sensors in long-period fiber gratings using electrostatic self-assembly. , 2007, Optics letters.

[29]  Y. Semenova,et al.  Experimental Study on the Frequency Dependence of the Liquid Crystal Infiltrated Photonic Crystal Fibers , 2012, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[30]  Lin Zhang,et al.  In-situ temperature monitoring in NMR machines with a prototype in-fibre Bragg grating sensor system , 1997 .

[31]  O. Tohyama,et al.  A fiber-optic pressure microsensor for biomedical applications , 1997, Proceedings of International Solid State Sensors and Actuators Conference (Transducers '97).

[32]  Rachid Gafsi,et al.  Analysis of Induced-Birefringence Effects on Fiber Bragg Gratings , 2000 .

[33]  Benjamin R. Arenkiel,et al.  Fiber-optic implantation for chronic optogenetic stimulation of brain tissue. , 2012, Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE.

[34]  David A. Jackson,et al.  Fibre Optic Laser Doppler Velocimetry , 1984, Other Conferences.

[35]  R. Claus,et al.  Optical fiber humidity sensor using a nano Fabry–Perot cavity formed by the ionic self-assembly method , 1999 .

[36]  D. Grobnic,et al.  Bragg grating evanescent field sensor made in biconical tapered fiber with femtosecond IR radiation , 2006, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[37]  Limin Xiao,et al.  Fabrication of selective injection microstructured optical fibers with a conventional fusion splicer. , 2005, Optics express.

[38]  S. C. Tjin,et al.  Recording compliance of dental splint use in obstructive sleep apnoea patients by force and temperature modelling , 2006, Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing.

[39]  Umesh Tiwari,et al.  Fiber grating sensors in medicine: Current and emerging applications , 2011 .

[40]  Lionel Duvillaret,et al.  Electric field and temperature measurement using ultra wide bandwidth pigtailed electro-optic probes. , 2008, Applied optics.

[41]  P A Kyriacou,et al.  Cerebral Arterial Oxygen Saturation Measurements Using a Fiber-Optic Pulse Oximeter , 2010, Neurocritical care.

[42]  Serge Mordon,et al.  Measurement of in vivo tumorous/normal tissue pH by localized spectroscopy using a fluorescent marker , 1993 .

[43]  Ian Bennion,et al.  Application of long-period-grating sensors to respiratory plethysmography. , 2007, Journal of biomedical optics.

[44]  Minwei Yang,et al.  Fiber Bragg gratings with enhanced thermal stability by residual stress relaxation. , 2009, Optics express.

[45]  J. Knight,et al.  High-resolution measurement of the fiber diameter variations using whispering gallery modes and no optical alignment , 2000, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[46]  Toshihiko Yoshino,et al.  Optical voltage sensor based on electrooptic crystal multiplier , 2002 .

[47]  T. Koch,et al.  Antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides in SiO2‐Si multilayer structures , 1986 .

[48]  B L Petrig,et al.  Blood velocity and volumetric flow rate in human retinal vessels. , 1985, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[49]  Tong Sun,et al.  High-temperature sustainability of strong fiber Bragg gratings written into Sb-Ge-codoped photosensitive fiber: decay mechanisms involved during annealing. , 2004, Optics letters.

[50]  N. Djilali,et al.  In-fibre Bragg grating sensors for distributed temperature measurement in a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell , 2009 .

[51]  Gang-Ding Peng,et al.  Water detection in jet fuel using a polymer optical fibre Bragg grating , 2009, International Conference on Optical Fibre Sensors.

[52]  Hwa-Yaw Tam,et al.  Fiber Optic pH Sensor with Self-Assembled Polymer Multilayer Nanocoatings , 2013, Sensors.

[53]  Hongbao Xin,et al.  Targeted delivery and controllable release of nanoparticles using a defect-decorated optical nanofiber. , 2011, Optics express.

[54]  Yuliya Semenova,et al.  Liquid crystal infiltrated photonic crystal fibers for electric field intensity measurements. , 2011, Applied optics.

[55]  F. Pirotte,et al.  Optical Fiber Sensors Embedded Into Medical Textiles for Healthcare Monitoring , 2008, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[56]  Phyo Wai Aung Aung,et al.  FBG-based smart bed system for healthcare applications , 2010 .

[57]  Jin U. Kang,et al.  Fiber-optic OCT sensor guided “SMART” micro-forceps for microsurgery , 2013, Biomedical optics express.

[58]  H. N. Rourke,et al.  Thermal decay of fiber Bragg gratings written in boron and germanium codoped silica fiber , 1997 .

[59]  G. Ghosh,et al.  Photosensitizer drug delivery via an optical fiber. , 2011, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[60]  Zoya I. Volynskaya,et al.  Diagnosing breast cancer using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy. , 2008, Journal of biomedical optics.

[61]  Qida Zhao,et al.  Refractive index sensor based on measuring the transmission power of tilted fiber Bragg grating , 2009 .

[62]  S. Mihailov,et al.  Sapphire fiber Bragg grating sensor made using femtosecond laser radiation for ultrahigh temperature applications , 2004, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[63]  Liping Zhao,et al.  Fiber-optic sensor for handgrip-strength monitoring: conception and design. , 2005, Applied optics.

[64]  O. Wolfbeis,et al.  Fibre-optic sensors in biomedical sciences , 1987 .

[65]  J D Pickard,et al.  Near-infrared spectroscopy use in patients with head injury. , 1995, Journal of neurosurgery.

[66]  A. Méndez,et al.  Specialty optical fibers handbook , 2007 .

[67]  Teresa Mascarenhas,et al.  Dynamic assessment of women pelvic floor function by using a fiber Bragg grating sensor system , 2006, SPIE BiOS.

[68]  Hideo Fujimoto,et al.  Fiber Optic Force Sensor for Medical Applications within a Backbone-shape Structure , 2013 .

[69]  P. Dinning,et al.  In-vivo demonstration of a high resolution optical fiber manometry catheter for diagnosis of gastrointestinal motility disorders. , 2009, Optics express.

[70]  Francois C. Delori,et al.  Laser Doppler Technique for Absolute Measurement of Blood Speed in Retinal Vessels , 1987, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[71]  Vittorio M. N. Passaro,et al.  Electromagnetic field photonic sensors , 2006 .

[72]  Hwa-Yaw Tam,et al.  Polarization-maintaining photonic-crystal-fiber-based all-optical polarimetric torsion sensor , 2010 .

[73]  David R. Wilson,et al.  A minimally invasive in-fiber Bragg grating sensor for intervertebral disc pressure measurements , 2008 .

[74]  A. L. Tomashuk,et al.  Low-hydrogen silicon oxynitride optical fibers prepared by SPCVD , 1995 .

[75]  D. J. Webb,et al.  Investigation Into Time Response of Polymer Fiber Bragg Grating Based Humidity Sensors , 2012, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[76]  Ian Bennion,et al.  Embedded progressive-three-layered fiber long-period gratings for respiratory monitoring. , 2003, Journal of biomedical optics.

[77]  Kaspar Althoefer,et al.  Fiber optics tactile array probe for tissue palpation during minimally invasive surgery , 2013, 2013 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems.

[78]  S. Radic,et al.  Phase-shifted fiber Bragg gratings and their application for wavelength demultiplexing , 1994, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[79]  I. Soltesz,et al.  On-demand optogenetic control of spontaneous seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy , 2013, Nature Communications.

[80]  H. Ahlfeldt,et al.  Fiber optical Bragg grating refractometer , 1998 .

[81]  Nirmala Ramanujam,et al.  Diagnosis of breast cancer using fluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy: a Monte-Carlo-model-based approach. , 2008, Journal of biomedical optics.

[82]  N. Vieweg,et al.  Molecular properties of liquid crystals in the terahertz frequency range. , 2010, Optics express.

[83]  K. Hill,et al.  Fiber Bragg grating technology fundamentals and overview , 1997 .

[84]  Joel Santos-Aguilar,et al.  An all-fibre and integrated optics electric field sensing scheme using matched optical delays and coherence modulation of light , 2007 .

[85]  M. Teich,et al.  Fundamentals of Photonics , 1991 .

[86]  Thomas O. H. Charrett,et al.  Optical fibre laser velocimetry: a review , 2012 .

[87]  Tania Khan,et al.  Fiber optic sensing of tissue pH to assess low blood flow states , 2002, Proceedings of IEEE Sensors.

[88]  S. Lundin,et al.  Direct Measurement of Intratracheal Pressure in Pediatric Respiratory Monitoring , 2002, Pediatric Research.

[89]  Wei Jin,et al.  Fusion Splicing Photonic Crystal Fibers and Conventional Single-Mode Fibers: Microhole Collapse Effect , 2007, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[90]  Michele Arturo Caponero,et al.  Metal coating for enhancing the sensitivity of fibre Bragg grating sensors at cryogenic temperature , 2005 .

[91]  Russell H. Taylor,et al.  Force sensing micro-forceps for robot assisted retinal surgery , 2012, 2012 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[92]  Swee Chuan Tjin,et al.  Fiber grating sensor for pressure mapping during total knee arthroplasty , 2007 .

[93]  Orlando Frazão,et al.  From conventional sensors to fibre optic sensors for strain and force measurements in biomechanics applications: a review. , 2014, Journal of biomechanics.

[94]  J. Nehring,et al.  On the Elastic Theory of Uniaxial Liquid Crystals , 1971 .

[95]  Gilberto Brambilla,et al.  Inspection of electrical wires for insulation faults and current surges using sliding temperature sensor based on optical Microfibre coil resonator , 2013 .

[96]  Xinyong Dong,et al.  Relative humidity sensor based on photonic crystal fiber with tapered and filled in polymer , 2010, Asia Communications and Photonics Conference and Exhibition.

[97]  F. Bilodeau,et al.  Single and low order mode interrogation of a multimode sapphire fibre Bragg grating sensor with tapered fibres , 2006 .

[98]  Gang-Ding Peng,et al.  All-Fiber Optic Humidity Sensor Based on Photonic Bandgap Fiber and Digital WMS Detection , 2013, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[99]  K. M. Tan,et al.  Design of a foot-pressure monitoring transducer for diabetic patients based on FBG sensors , 2003, The 16th Annual Meeting of the IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society, 2003. LEOS 2003..

[100]  J. Arkwright,et al.  An optical fiber Bragg grating force sensor for monitoring sub-bandage pressure during compression therapy. , 2013, Optics express.

[101]  S. Mihailov,et al.  Long-term thermal stability tests at 1000 °C of silica fibre Bragg gratings made with ultrafast laser radiation , 2006 .

[102]  Byoungho Lee,et al.  Review of the present status of optical fiber sensors , 2003 .

[103]  Tsutomu Tajikawa,et al.  Development of a Miniaturized Fiber-optic LDV Sensor for Local Blood Velocity Measurement , 2013 .

[104]  David R. Wilson,et al.  An in-fiber Bragg grating sensor for contact force and stress measurements in articular joints , 2010 .

[105]  Ginu Rajan,et al.  A Fiber Bragg Grating-Based All-Fiber Sensing System for Telerobotic Cutting Applications , 2010, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[106]  B. M. Cowie,et al.  Fibre Bragg grating sensors for distributive tactile sensing , 2006 .

[107]  Tomasz R. Wolinski,et al.  I Polarimetric optical fibers and sensors , 2000 .

[108]  D. Kristo,et al.  Overnight pulse oximetry for sleep-disordered breathing in adults: a review. , 2001, Chest.

[109]  Robert A. McLaughlin,et al.  Clinical applications of fiber-optic probes in optical coherence tomography , 2010 .

[110]  D J Webb,et al.  First in-vivo trials of a fiber Bragg grating based temperature profiling system. , 2000, Journal of biomedical optics.

[111]  Gregory P. Crawford,et al.  Liquid crystals in complex geometries : formed by polymer and porous networks , 2014 .

[112]  Richard O. Claus,et al.  Nanostructured optical fibre sensors for breathing airflow monitoring , 2006 .

[113]  Maniyeri Jayachandran,et al.  Ballistocardiography with fiber optic sensor in headrest position: A feasibility study and a new processing algorithm , 2013, 2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC).

[114]  George T. Kanellos,et al.  Optical fiber sensors in orthopedic biomechanics and rehabilitation , 2009, 2009 9th International Conference on Information Technology and Applications in Biomedicine.

[115]  Gangbing Song,et al.  Design and performance of a fiber bragg grating displacement sensor for movement measurement of tendon and ligament , 2007, SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[116]  Deepak Uttamchandani,et al.  Phase shifted Bragg gratings formed in optical fibres by post-fabrication thermal processing , 1996 .

[117]  Ying Zhang,et al.  High-sensitivity pressure sensor using a shielded polymer-coated fiber Bragg grating , 2001, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[118]  Ł. Dziuda,et al.  A new approach to ballistocardiographic measurements using fibre Bragg grating-based sensors , 2014 .

[119]  P. Russell Photonic Crystal Fibers , 2003, Science.

[120]  Orlando Frazão,et al.  Review of fiber-optic pressure sensors for biomedical and biomechanical applications , 2013, Journal of biomedical optics.

[121]  L. Reekie,et al.  Optical fibre sensor for high pressure measurement using an in-fibre grating , 1993 .

[122]  Kenton R Kaufman,et al.  Performance characteristics of a pressure microsensor. , 2003, Journal of biomechanics.

[123]  Karthik Vishwanath,et al.  Advances in quantitative UV-visible spectroscopy for clinical and pre-clinical application in cancer. , 2009, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[124]  U Efron,et al.  Birefringence measurements of liquid crystals. , 1984, Applied optics.

[125]  Dariush Mirshekar-Syahkal,et al.  Measurement of Dielectric Constants of Nematic Liquid Crystals at mm-Wave Frequencies Using Patch Resonator , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.

[126]  Kazuhiro Watanabe,et al.  A monitoring of breathing using a hetero-core optical fiber sensor , 2011, Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[127]  Gang-Ding Peng,et al.  Optical fibre temperature and humidity sensor , 2010 .

[128]  Michael Fokine,et al.  Formation of thermally stable chemical composition gratings in optical fibers , 2002 .

[129]  Michael S. Feld,et al.  Portable Optical Fiber Probe-Based Spectroscopic Scanner for Rapid Cancer Diagnosis: A New Tool for Intraoperative Margin Assessment , 2012, PloS one.

[130]  Hypolito José Kalinowski,et al.  A fibre optic Bragg grating strain sensor for monitoring ventilatory movements , 2001 .

[131]  B. Culshaw Fiber optics in sensing and measurement , 2000, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics.

[132]  Zhongping Chen,et al.  Fiber-optic-bundle-based optical coherence tomography. , 2005, Optics letters.

[133]  Timothy H Lucas,et al.  Intracerebral abscess associated with the Camino intracranial pressure monitor: case report and review of the literature. , 2012, Neurosurgery.

[134]  Virginia W. Berninger,et al.  A Low-Cost, Computer-Interfaced Drawing Pad for fMRI Studies of Dysgraphia and Dyslexia , 2013, Sensors.

[135]  Dhiraj Khanna,et al.  Design and development of a temperature-compensated fiber optic polarimetric pressure sensor based on photonic crystal fiber at 1550 nm. , 2007, Applied optics.

[136]  Mark R. Cutkosky,et al.  Force and Tactile Sensors , 2008, Springer Handbook of Robotics.

[137]  Mads S. Bergholt,et al.  Fiberoptic confocal raman spectroscopy for real-time in vivo diagnosis of dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus. , 2014, Gastroenterology.

[138]  Nathan Lawrentschuk,et al.  Focal therapy in prostate cancer: modalities, findings and future considerations , 2010, Nature Reviews Urology.

[139]  K. Bohnert,et al.  Fiber-optic sensing of electric field components. , 1988, Applied optics.

[140]  Bharat Gowardhan,et al.  Cryotherapy for the prostate: an in vitro and clinical study of two new developments; advanced cryoneedles and a temperature monitoring system , 2007, BJU international.

[141]  Asrul Izam Azmi,et al.  Temperature-insensitive photonic crystal fiber interferometer for relative humidity sensing without hygroscopic coating , 2013 .

[142]  E. Samset,et al.  Temperature measurement in soft tissue using a distributed fibre Bragg-grating sensor system , 2001, Minimally invasive therapy & allied technologies : MITAT : official journal of the Society for Minimally Invasive Therapy.

[143]  F G Shellock,et al.  Monitoring heart rate and oxygen saturation with a fiber-optic pulse oximeter during MR imaging. , 1992, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[144]  J. Broeng,et al.  Photonic crystal fibers , 2003, Proceedings of the 2003 SBMO/IEEE MTT-S International Microwave and Optoelectronics Conference - IMOC 2003. (Cat. No.03TH8678).

[145]  Ines Latka,et al.  Inscription and characterization of Bragg gratings in single-crystal sapphire optical fibres for high-temperature sensor applications , 2009 .

[146]  V. Fréedericksz,et al.  Forces causing the orientation of an anisotropic liquid , 1933 .

[147]  Michelle Hickey,et al.  Measurement of splanchnic photoplethysmographic signals using a new reflectance fiber optic sensor. , 2010, Journal of biomedical optics.

[148]  Francisco J. Arregui,et al.  Utilization of white light interferometry in pH sensing applications by mean of the fabrication of nanostructured cavities , 2009 .

[149]  P. Krulevitch,et al.  In vitro and in vivo measurements of fiber optic and electrochemical sensors to monitor brain tissue pH , 2001 .

[150]  Anders Bjarklev,et al.  Continuously tunable devices based on electrical control of dual-frequency liquid crystal filled photonic bandgap fibers. , 2005, Optics express.

[151]  S. Mondal,et al.  Fiber Bragg grating sensor for monitoring bone decalcification. , 2010, Orthopaedics & traumatology, surgery & research : OTSR.

[152]  Y. Semenova,et al.  Relative Humidity Sensor Based on an Agarose-Infiltrated Photonic Crystal Fiber Interferometer , 2012, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics.

[153]  Shin-Tson Wu,et al.  Fundamentals of Liquid Crystal Devices , 2006 .

[154]  Toru Mizunami,et al.  High-sensitivity cryogenic fibre-Bragg-grating temperature sensors using Teflon substrates , 2001 .

[155]  Eric Udd,et al.  Multiparameter sensing with fiber Bragg gratings , 1996, Pacific Northwest Fiber Optic Sensor.

[156]  S. Campopiano,et al.  Nonuniform thinned fiber Bragg gratings for simultaneous refractive index and temperature measurements , 2005, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[157]  Sheau-Shong Bor,et al.  High-sensitivity temperature-independent differential pressure sensor using fiber Bragg gratings. , 2008, Optics express.

[158]  Tadeusz Martynkien,et al.  Effects of hydrostatic pressure on phase and group modal birefringence in microstructured holey fibers. , 2004, Applied optics.

[159]  J D Pickard,et al.  An observational study of near-infrared spectroscopy during carotid endarterectomy. , 1995, Journal of neurosurgery.

[160]  Andrew Michie,et al.  Electric field and voltage sensing using thermally poled silica fibre with a simple low coherence interferometer , 2006 .

[161]  Y. Semenova,et al.  All-fiber polarimetric electric field sensing using liquid crystal infiltrated photonic crystal fibers , 2011 .

[162]  S. Gupta,et al.  Fiber Bragg grating cryogenic temperature sensors. , 1996, Applied optics.

[163]  Lin Zhang,et al.  In-fiber Bragg-grating temperature sensor system for medical applications , 1997 .

[164]  J. Ericksen Liquid crystals with variable degree of orientation , 1991 .

[165]  L. Tong,et al.  Polymer single-nanowire optical sensors. , 2008, Nano letters.

[166]  Hwa-Yaw Tam,et al.  Temperature-insensitive strain sensor with polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber based Sagnac interferometer , 2007 .

[167]  Mei H. Sun,et al.  Fiberoptic Temperature Sensors In The Medical Setting , 1989, Photonics West - Lasers and Applications in Science and Engineering.

[168]  乔学光,et al.  High sensitivity fiber Bragg grating pressure difference sensor , 2004 .

[169]  D. Greene,et al.  Salvage cryotherapy: is there a role for focal therapy? , 2010, Journal of endourology.

[170]  A. Fercher,et al.  Optical coherence tomography - principles and applications , 2003 .

[171]  S. Barker,et al.  The measurement of dyshemoglobins and total hemoglobin by pulse oximetry , 2008, Current opinion in anaesthesiology.

[172]  K. V. Anokhin,et al.  Implantable fiber-optic interface for parallel multisite long-term optical dynamic brain interrogation in freely moving mice , 2013, Scientific Reports.

[173]  Nirmala Ramanujam,et al.  Towards a field-compatible optical spectroscopic device for cervical cancer screening in resource-limited settings: effects of calibration and pressure. , 2011, Optics express.

[174]  Stephen J. Mihailov,et al.  Self-packaged Type II femtosecond IR laser induced fiber Bragg grating for temperature applications up to 1000 °C , 2011, International Conference on Optical Fibre Sensors.