Structure and Interpretation of Rhythm in Music

This chapter reviews the temporal aspects of music perception and cognition. This topic has quite a history as a research topic, covered extensively by two chapters by Paul Fraisse and Eric F. Clarke in the first and second edition of this volume, respectively. However, this chapter focuses primarily on the developments in the past ten years. More precisely, it gives an overview of rhythm, meter, timing, and tempo from a music theoretical and cognitive perspective.

[1]  Catalin V. Buhusi,et al.  What makes us tick? Functional and neural mechanisms of interval timing , 2005, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[2]  Henkjan Honing,et al.  Cognition and the Evolution of Music: Pitfalls and Prospects , 2012, Top. Cogn. Sci..

[3]  Aniruddh D. Patel,et al.  Tracking an Imposed Beat within a Metrical Grid , 2008 .

[4]  B. Ross,et al.  Beta and Gamma Rhythms in Human Auditory Cortex during Musical Beat Processing , 2009, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[5]  Eriko Aiba,et al.  Auditory sensitivity to temporal deviations from perceptual isochrony: Comparison of the starting point and ending point of acoustic change1 , 2008 .

[6]  Jacob Feldman,et al.  Force Dynamics of Tempo Change in Music , 1992 .

[7]  Angela D. Friederici,et al.  The perception of musical phrase structure: A cross-cultural ERP study , 2006, Brain Research.

[8]  Simon Grondin,et al.  A Response-Time Approach for Estimating Sensitivity to Auditory Tempo Changes , 2005 .

[9]  N. Todd A Model of Expressive Timing in Tonal Music , 1985 .

[10]  Douglas Eck,et al.  A Positive-Evidence Model for Rhythmical Beat Induction , 2001 .

[11]  Peter Essens,et al.  Perception of Temporal Patterns , 1985 .

[12]  D. Moelants,et al.  Ambiguity in Tempo Perception: What Draws Listeners to Different Metrical Levels? , 2006 .

[13]  M. Zentner,et al.  Rhythmic engagement with music in infancy , 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[14]  Morten H. Christiansen,et al.  Synchronization and Continuation Tapping to Complex Meters , 2006 .

[15]  J. Devin McAuley,et al.  Modality effects in rhythm processing: Auditory encoding of visual rhythms is neither obligatory nor automatic , 2010, Attention, perception & psychophysics.

[16]  Henkjan Honing,et al.  Evidence for tempo-specific timing in music using a web-based experimental setup. , 2006, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[17]  M. Boltz Rate and duration memory of naturalistic sounds. , 2010, Acta psychologica.

[18]  Nicholas Cook,et al.  Empirical musicology : aims, methods, prospects , 2004 .

[19]  Anders Friberg,et al.  Swing Ratios and Ensemble Timing in Jazz Performance: Evidence for a Common Rhythmic Pattern , 2002 .

[20]  Aniruddh D. Patel Music, Language, and the Brain , 2007 .

[21]  S. Handel Listening As Introduction to the Perception of Auditory Events , 1989 .

[22]  Justin London,et al.  Perception–production Relationships and Phase Correction in Synchronization with Two-interval Rhythms Rhythmic Regularity and Sensorimotor Synchronization , 2022 .

[23]  Edward W. Large,et al.  Perceiving temporal regularity in music , 2002, Cogn. Sci..

[24]  E. Bigand,et al.  Travelling Through Pitch Space Speeds up Musical Time , 2009 .

[25]  J. Perkell,et al.  Invariance and variability in speech processes , 1987 .

[26]  B H Repp,et al.  Relational invariance of expressive microstructure across global tempo changes in music performance: An exploratory study , 1994, Psychological research.

[27]  Laura Habegger Number concept and rhythmic response in early childhood , 2010 .

[28]  E. Large,et al.  The dynamics of attending: How people track time-varying events. , 1999 .

[29]  David Temperley,et al.  Parallelism as a Factor in Metrical Analysis , 2002 .

[30]  E. Schellenberg,et al.  Perception of strong-meter and weak-meter rhythms in children with spina bifida meningomyelocele , 2009, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society.

[31]  Roger Watt,et al.  The Perception of Tempo in Music , 2006, Perception.

[32]  H. Tekman Accenting and detection of timing variations in tone sequences: Different kinds of accents have different effects , 2001, Perception & psychophysics.

[33]  Henkjan Honing,et al.  Is Beat Induction Innate or Learned? , 2009, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[34]  Peter Desain,et al.  Quantization of musical time: a connectionist approach , 1989 .

[35]  David Temperley,et al.  Modeling Common-Practice Rhythm , 2010 .

[36]  Ellen Winner,et al.  Imaging melody and rhythm processing in young children , 2004, Neuroreport.

[37]  B H Repp,et al.  Processes underlying adaptation to tempo changes in sensorimotor synchronization. , 2001, Human movement science.

[38]  B. Repp Perception of timing is more context sensitive than sensorimotor synchronization , 2002, Perception & psychophysics.

[39]  Ian Cross,et al.  The Effect of Structural and Performance Factors in the Perception of Anacruses , 2009 .

[40]  Daniel J. Levitin,et al.  Analyzing Temporal Dynamics in Music: : Differential Calculus, Physics, and Functional Data Analysis Techniques , 2005 .

[41]  Peter Vuust,et al.  It don't mean a thing… Keeping the rhythm during polyrhythmic tension, activates language areas (BA47) , 2006, NeuroImage.

[42]  P. A. Lewis,et al.  Brain activity correlates differentially with increasing temporal complexity of rhythms during initialisation, synchronisation, and continuation phases of paced finger tapping , 2004, Neuropsychologia.

[43]  J. Sundberg,et al.  Does music performance allude to locomotion? A model of final ritardandi derived from measurements of stopping , 1999 .

[44]  Stewart H. Hulse,et al.  Perceptual Invariances in the Comparative Psychology of Music , 1992 .

[45]  Anssi Klapuri,et al.  Music Tempo Estimation With $k$-NN Regression , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing.

[46]  Hans-Henning Schulze,et al.  Categorical perception of rhythmic patterns , 1989 .

[47]  Aniruddh D. Patel,et al.  The impact of basal ganglia lesions on sensorimotor synchronization, spontaneous motor tempo, and the detection of tempo changes , 2011, Behavioural Brain Research.

[48]  L. Trainor,et al.  Vestibular influence on auditory metrical interpretation , 2008, Brain and Cognition.

[49]  A. Kohlrausch,et al.  On the influence of interaural differences on temporal perception of noise bursts of different durations. , 2008, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[50]  John M. Geringer,et al.  Effects of articulation styles on perception of modulated tempos in violin excerpts , 2007 .

[51]  C. Drake,et al.  The Quest for Universals in Temporal Processing in Music , 2001, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[52]  Walter A. Siebel,et al.  Opinion TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences Vol.9 No.12 December 2005 Towards , 2022 .

[53]  Aniruddh D. Patel,et al.  Top‐Down Control of Rhythm Perception Modulates Early Auditory Responses , 2009, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[54]  Christopher Francis Hasty Meter As Rhythm , 1997 .

[55]  O Hikosaka,et al.  Neural Representation of a Rhythm Depends on Its Interval Ratio , 1999, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[56]  Marc R. Thompson,et al.  Embodied Meter: Hierarchical Eigenmodes in Music-Induced Movement , 2010 .

[57]  Nathaniel S. Miller,et al.  The time of our lives: life span development of timing and event tracking. , 2006, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[58]  Henkjan Honing The Final Ritard: On Music, Motion, and Kinematic Models , 2003, Computer Music Journal.

[59]  Bruno H. Repp,et al.  A filled duration illusion in music: Effects of metrical subdivision on the perception and production of beat tempo. , 2010, Advances in cognitive psychology.

[60]  Aniruddh D. Patel,et al.  An empirical comparison of rhythm in language and music , 2003, Cognition.

[61]  M. Jones,et al.  The role of accent salience and joint accent structure in meter perception. , 2009, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[62]  Mark A Schmuckler,et al.  Pitch and time, tonality and meter: how do musical dimensions combine? , 2009, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[63]  Jessica Phillips-Silver On the Meaning of Movement in Music, Development and the Brain , 2009 .

[64]  Sandra E. Trehub,et al.  Conventional rhythms enhance infants' and adults' perception of musical patterns , 2009, Cortex.

[65]  J. Devin McAuley,et al.  Modeling effects of rhythmic context on perceived duration: a comparison of interval and entrainment approaches to short-interval timing. , 2003, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[66]  I J Hirsh,et al.  Studies in auditory timing: 2. Rhythm patterns , 1990, Perception & psychophysics.

[67]  Daniel Oberfeld,et al.  Does a rhythmic context have an effect on perceptual weights in auditory intensity processing? , 2008, Canadian journal of experimental psychology = Revue canadienne de psychologie experimentale.

[68]  E. Hannon,et al.  Perceiving speech rhythm in music: Listeners classify instrumental songs according to language of origin , 2009, Cognition.

[69]  Effects of Accenting and Regularity on the Detection of Temporal Deviations: Does Regularity Facilitate Performance? , 2003, The Journal of general psychology.

[70]  Matthew E. P. Davies,et al.  Evaluation of Audio Beat Tracking and Music Tempo Extraction Algorithms , 2007 .

[71]  Peter E. Keller,et al.  Adaptation to tempo changes in sensorimotor synchronization: Effects of intention, attention, and awareness , 2004, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology.

[72]  A Simpler Explanation for Vestibular Influence on Beat Perception: No Specialized Unit Needed , 2009 .

[73]  Jaakko Astola,et al.  Analysis of the meter of acoustic musical signals , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing.

[74]  H. C. Longuet-Higgins,et al.  The Rhythmic Interpretation of Monophonic Music , 1984 .

[75]  B. Ross,et al.  Endogenous Neuromagnetic Activity for Mental Hierarchy of Timing , 2010, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[76]  Dalia Cohen,et al.  Rhythmic Patterns Reflecting Cognitive Constraints and Aesthetic Ideals , 2008 .

[77]  Peter Desain,et al.  Tempo Curves Considered Harmful , 1991, ICMC.

[78]  Bruno H. Repp,et al.  Hearing a melody in different ways: Multistability of metrical interpretation, reflected in rate limits of sensorimotor synchronization , 2007, Cognition.

[79]  Viviane Pouthas,et al.  Influence of auditory tempo on the endogenous rhythm of non-nutritive sucking , 2006 .

[80]  Anna C Nobre,et al.  Neural modulation by regularity and passage of time. , 2008, Journal of neurophysiology.

[81]  Edward W. Large,et al.  Tracking simple and complex sequences , 2002, Psychological research.

[82]  Bruno H. Repp,et al.  The Practice of Performance: Musical motion and performance: theoretical and empirical perspectives , 1995 .

[83]  N. Ehrlé,et al.  Auditory discrimination of anisochrony: Influence of the tempo and musical backgrounds of listeners , 2005, Brain and Cognition.

[84]  John Bispham,et al.  Rhythm in Music: What is it? Who has it? And Why? , 2006 .

[85]  Peter Desain,et al.  Computational models of beat induction: the rule-based approach , 1999 .

[86]  H. C. Longuet-Higgins,et al.  Modelling musical cognition , 1989 .

[87]  R. Zatorre,et al.  Listening to musical rhythms recruits motor regions of the brain. , 2008, Cerebral cortex.

[88]  S. Handel The differentiation of rhythmic structure , 1992, Perception & psychophysics.

[89]  Fabien Gouyon,et al.  Towards Rhythmic Content Processing of Musical Signals: Fostering Complementary Approaches , 2003 .

[90]  Bruno H. Repp Quantitative Effects of Global Tempo on Expressive Timing in Music Performance: Some Perceptual Evidence , 1995 .

[91]  Godfried T. Toussaint,et al.  Measuring Similarity between Flamenco Rhythmic Patterns , 2009 .

[92]  Justin London,et al.  Cognitive Constraints on Metric Systems: Some Observations and Hypotheses , 2002 .

[93]  Bruno H Repp,et al.  Multiple temporal references in sensorimotor synchronization with metrical auditory sequences , 2007, Psychological research.

[94]  A. Henik,et al.  Auditory imagery from musical notation in expert musicians , 2003, Perception & psychophysics.

[95]  B. Tillmann,et al.  Influence of a tone’s tonal function on temporal change detection , 2007, Perception & psychophysics.

[96]  P. Janata,et al.  Beyond the beat: modeling metric structure in music and performance. , 2008, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[97]  Marilyn Gail Boltz,et al.  The Processing of Melodic and Temporal Information: Independent or Unified Dimensions? , 1999 .

[98]  C. Krumhansl Rhythm and pitch in music cognition. , 2000, Psychological bulletin.

[99]  R. Kliegl,et al.  Timing, sequencing, and executive control in repetitive movement production. , 2005, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[100]  M. Leman Embodied Music Cognition and Mediation Technology , 2007 .

[101]  Aniruddh D. Patel,et al.  Studying Synchronization to a Musical Beat in Nonhuman Animals , 2009, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[102]  Kofi Agawu,et al.  Structural Analysis or Cultural Analysis? Competing Perspectives on the "Standard Pattern" of West African Rhythm , 2006 .

[103]  Stephen McAdams,et al.  Perception of Musical Similarity Among Contemporary Thematic Materials in Two Instrumentations , 2004 .

[104]  M. Brett,et al.  Impairment of beat-based rhythm discrimination in Parkinson's disease , 2009, Cortex.

[105]  S. Handel The effect of tempo and tone duration on rhythm discrimination , 1993, Perception & psychophysics.

[106]  Bruno H. Repp,et al.  Rate Limits of On-Beat and Off-Beat Tapping With Simple Auditory Rhythms: : 2. The Roles of Different Kinds of Accent , 2005 .

[107]  Peter E. Keller,et al.  PRODUCTION AND SYNCHRONIZATION OF UNEVEN RHYTHMS AT FAST TEMPI , 2005 .

[108]  A. Bregman Auditory Scene Analysis , 2008 .

[109]  R. Geuze,et al.  Temporal stability of rhythmic tapping “on” and “off the beat”: A developmental study , 2000, Psychological research.

[110]  Petri Toiviainen,et al.  Modelling the relationships between emotional responses to, and musical content of, music therapy improvisations , 2008 .

[111]  E. Schellenberg,et al.  Identification of TV Tunes by Children with Cochlear Implants , 2009 .

[112]  W. D. Ward,et al.  Categorical perception--phenomenon or epiphenomenon: evidence from experiments in the perception of melodic musical intervals. , 1978, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[113]  H. Tekman Perceptual Integration of Timing and Intensity Variations in the Perception of Musical Accents , 2002, The Journal of general psychology.

[114]  C. Drake,et al.  The development of rhythmic attending in auditory sequences: attunement, referent period, focal attending , 2000, Cognition.

[115]  Matthew W. Butterfield,et al.  Participatory Discrepancies and the Perception of Beats in Jazz , 2010 .

[116]  Aniruddh D. Patel,et al.  Comparing the rhythm and melody of speech and music: the case of British English and French. , 2006, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[117]  Hamish G MacDougall,et al.  Marching to the beat of the same drummer: the spontaneous tempo of human locomotion. , 2005, Journal of applied physiology.

[118]  Extracting the Beat: An Experience-dependent Complex Integration of Multisensory Information Involving Multiple Levels of the Nervous System , 2009 .

[119]  Eric Clarke The Practice of Performance: Expression in performance: generativity, perception and semiosis , 1995 .

[120]  S. Dixon,et al.  PERCEPTUAL SMOOTHNESS OF TEMPO IN EXPRESSIVELY PERFORMED MUSIC , 2006 .

[121]  J. Sundberg,et al.  On the anatomy of the retard: A study of timing in music , 1980 .

[122]  S. Trehub,et al.  Infant music perception: Domain-general or domain-specific mechanisms? , 2006, Cognition.

[123]  Dirk-Jan Povel,et al.  Complexity Measures of Musical Rhythms , 1998 .

[124]  Herbert Heuer,et al.  Invariant relative timing in motor-program theory , 1991 .

[125]  E. Longhi `Songese': maternal structuring of musical interaction with infants , 2009 .

[126]  A. Mcgraw The Perception and Cognition of Time in Balinese Music , 2008 .

[127]  B. Repp Sensorimotor synchronization: A review of the tapping literature , 2005, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[128]  J. Snyder,et al.  Pulse and Meter as Neural Resonance , 2009, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[129]  Hugo Merchant,et al.  Subsecond timing in primates: comparison of interval production between human subjects and rhesus monkeys. , 2009, Journal of neurophysiology.

[130]  D. Lewkowicz,et al.  Learning and discrimination of audiovisual events in human infants: the hierarchical relation between intersensory temporal synchrony and rhythmic pattern cues. , 2003, Developmental psychology.

[131]  Henkjan Honing,et al.  Structure and interpretation of rhythm and timing , 2002 .

[132]  Henkjan Honing,et al.  Web-based versus lab-based studies: A response to Kendall (2008) , 2008 .

[133]  G. Schlaug,et al.  Examining Rhythm and Melody Processing in Young Children Using fMRI , 2005, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[134]  Daniel Müllensiefen,et al.  The Perception of Accents in Pop Music Melodies , 2009 .

[135]  Gerhard Widmer,et al.  Acoustic Cues to Beat Induction: A Machine Learning Perspective , 2006 .

[136]  Aniruddh D. Patel,et al.  The Beat Alignment Test (BAT): Surveying beat processing abilities in the general population , 2008 .

[137]  Douglas D. Potter,et al.  Perceiving rhythm where none exists: Event-related potential (ERP) correlates of subjective accenting , 2009, Cortex.

[138]  Andrew J. Rosenfeld,et al.  Perception and Production of Syncopated Rhythms , 2007 .

[139]  Gábor P. Háden,et al.  Newborn infants detect the beat in music , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[140]  Peter R Killeen,et al.  Tracking time with song and count: Different Weber functions for musicians and nonmusicians , 2009, Attention, perception & psychophysics.

[141]  Jessica A. Grahn,et al.  Neuroscientific Investigations of Musical Rhythm: Recent Advances and Future Challenges , 2009 .

[142]  J. Bharucha Tonality and expectation. , 1994 .

[143]  Embodied metre: hierarchical eigenmodes in spontaneous movement to music , 2009, Cognitive Processing.

[144]  Roni Y. Granot,et al.  Differential Brain Response to Metrical Accents in Isochronous Auditory Sequences , 2005 .

[145]  D. Temperley Communicative Pressure and the Evolution of Musical Styles , 2004 .

[146]  Henkjan Honing,et al.  Without it no music: beat induction as a fundamental musical trait , 2012, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[147]  B. Repp Categorical Perception: Issues, Methods, Findings , 1984 .

[148]  L. Trainor Do Preferred Beat Rate and Entrainment to the Beat Have a Common Origin in Movement , 2007 .

[149]  Douglas Eck Identifying Metrical and Temporal Structure With an Autocorrelation Phase Matrix , 2006 .

[150]  Grosvenor W. Cooper,et al.  The Rhythmic Structure of Music , 1971 .

[151]  R. Jackendoff,et al.  A Generative Theory of Tonal Music , 1985 .

[152]  Godfried T. Toussaint,et al.  Analysis of musical rhythm complexity measures in a cultural context , 2008, C3S2E '08.

[153]  André Dufour,et al.  Evidence of beat perception via purely tactile stimulation , 2008, Brain Research.

[154]  Neil P. McAngus Todd,et al.  A Sensory-Motor Theory of Rhythm, Time Perception and Beat Induction , 1999 .

[155]  Edward W. Large,et al.  Periodicity, Pattern Formation, and Metric Structure , 2001 .

[156]  B. Tillmann,et al.  Tonal expectations influence pitch perception , 2008, Perception & psychophysics.

[157]  Bruno H. Repp,et al.  Tapping to a Very Slow Beat: A Comparison of Musicians and Nonmusicians , 2007 .

[158]  D. Epstein,et al.  Shaping Time: Music, the Brain, and Performance , 1995 .

[159]  N. Todd The dynamics of dynamics: A model of musical expression , 1992 .

[160]  Henkjan Honing,et al.  From Time to Time: The Representation of Timing and Tempo , 2001, Computer Music Journal.

[161]  H. Honing,et al.  The potential of the Internet for music perception research: A comment on lab-based versus Web-based studies , 2008 .

[162]  L. Trainor,et al.  Feeling the Beat: Movement Influences Infant Rhythm Perception , 2005, Science.

[163]  C. Drake,et al.  The “Ticktock” of Our Internal Clock , 2003, Psychological science.

[164]  Stephen Handel,et al.  Rhythmic structure in humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) songs: preliminary implications for song production and perception. , 2009, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[165]  Petri Toiviainen,et al.  Autocorrelation in meter induction: the role of accent structure. , 2006, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[166]  Aniruddh D. Patel Musical Rhythm, Linguistic Rhythm, and Human Evolution , 2006 .

[167]  Aniruddh D. Patel,et al.  The influence of metricality and modality on synchronization with a beat , 2005, Experimental Brain Research.

[168]  B. Repp Do metrical accents create illusory phenomenal accents? , 2010, Attention, perception & psychophysics.

[169]  Yoshitaka Nakajima,et al.  Time-Shrinking and Categorical Temporal Ratio Perception: Evidence for a 1:1 Temporal Category , 2006 .

[170]  Matthew Brett,et al.  Rhythm and Beat Perception in Motor Areas of the Brain , 2007, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[171]  Bruno H. Repp,et al.  Rate Limits of On-Beat and Off-Beat Tapping With Simple Auditory Rhythms: 1. Qualitative Observations , 2005 .

[172]  R. Pastore,et al.  Contextual relative temporal duration judgment: An investigation of sequence interruptions , 2005, Perception & psychophysics.

[173]  B. Saunders,et al.  Are there nontrivial constraints on colour categorization? , 1997, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[174]  R. Jackendoff,et al.  The capacity for music: What is it, and what’s special about it? , 2006, Cognition.

[175]  Peter Cariani,et al.  Temporal Codes, Timing Nets, and Music Perception , 2001 .

[176]  S. Trehub,et al.  Tuning in to musical rhythms: infants learn more readily than adults. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[177]  B. Repp Embodied Rhythm: Commentary on "The Contribution of Anthropometric Factors to Individual Differences in the Perception of Rhythm" by Neil P. McAngus Todd, Rosanna Cousins, and Christopher S. Lee , 2007 .

[178]  Bruno H Repp,et al.  Rate Limits in Sensorimotor Synchronization With Auditory and Visual Sequences: The Synchronization Threshold and the Benefits and Costs of Interval Subdivision , 2003, Journal of motor behavior.

[179]  E. Meeuwissen,et al.  Rhythm perception: Speeding up or slowing down affects different subcomponents of the ERP P3 complex , 2007, Biological Psychology.

[180]  H. C. Longuet-Higgins,et al.  Artificial intelligence and musical cognition , 1994, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[181]  Ryota Miyauchi,et al.  Bilateral Assimilation of Two Neighboring Empty Time Intervals , 2005 .

[182]  Anja Volk The Study of Syncopation Using Inner Metric Analysis: Linking Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of Metre in Music , 2008 .

[183]  Sandra E. Trehub,et al.  Infants Perception of Rhythmic Patterns , 2006 .

[184]  S. Trehub,et al.  Metrical Categories in Infancy and Adulthood , 2005, Psychological science.

[185]  David Temperley,et al.  An Evaluation System for Metrical Models , 2004, Computer Music Journal.

[186]  Barbara Tillmann,et al.  PERCEPTION OF TONAL AND TEMPORAL STRUCTURES IN CHORD SEQUENCES BY PATIENTS WITH CEREBELLAR DAMAGE , 2008 .

[187]  R. Ashley Do[[n't]] Change a Hair for Me: The Art of Jazz Rubato , 2002 .

[188]  Jun-Ichi Abe,et al.  Integration of metrical and tonal organization in melody perception1 , 2004 .

[189]  H. Honing,et al.  Exposure influences expressive timing judgments in music. , 2009, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[190]  Katie Overy,et al.  Dyslexia and music: measuring musical timing skills. , 2003, Dyslexia.

[191]  Justin London,et al.  Book Review: Hearing in Time: Psychological Aspects of Musical Meter (2nd Edition) , 2004 .

[192]  J. Snyder,et al.  Tapping to Bach: Resonance-Based Modeling of Pulse , 2003 .

[193]  P. Fraisse 6 – Rhythm and Tempo , 1982 .

[194]  Eric Clarke,et al.  Rhythm and Timing in Music , 1999 .

[195]  B. Snyder Music and Memory: An Introduction , 2001 .

[196]  Simon Dixon,et al.  Automatic Extraction of Tempo and Beat From Expressive Performances , 2001 .

[197]  A. Gabrielsson The Performance of Music , 1999 .

[198]  The illiterate listener: on music cognition, musicality and methodology , 2011 .

[199]  I. Peretz,et al.  Cultural aspects of music perception: Validation of a Greek version of the Montreal Battery of Evaluation of Amusias , 2010, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society.

[200]  Caroline Palmer,et al.  Subdividing the Beat: Auditory and Motor Contributions to Synchronization , 2009 .

[201]  D. Levitin,et al.  Current Advances in the Cognitive Neuroscience of Music , 2009, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[202]  Roger T. Dean,et al.  Listener Detection of Segmentation in Computer-Generated Sound: An Exploratory Experimental Study , 2007 .

[203]  Z. Eitan,et al.  HOW MUSIC MOVES: Musical Parameters and Listeners' Images of Motion , 2006 .

[204]  D. Lewkowicz,et al.  The development of intersensory temporal perception: an epigenetic systems/limitations view. , 2000, Psychological bulletin.

[205]  Peter Desain,et al.  Does expressive timing in music performance scale proportionally with tempo? , 1994 .

[206]  Laurence R. Harris,et al.  The primal role of the vestibular system in determining musical rhythm , 2009, Cortex.

[207]  Hans Forssberg,et al.  Listening to rhythms activates motor and premotor cortices , 2009, Cortex.

[208]  Jessica A. Grahn,et al.  Feeling the Beat: Premotor and Striatal Interactions in Musicians and Nonmusicians during Beat Perception , 2009, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[209]  Michael J. Hove,et al.  Ethnicity effects in relative pitch , 2010, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[210]  Robert J. Zatorre,et al.  Interactions between auditory and dorsal premotor cortex during synchronization to musical rhythms , 2006, NeuroImage.

[211]  G. Madison An Auditory Illusion of Infinite Tempo Change Based on Multiple Temporal Levels , 2009, PloS one.

[212]  Gábor P. Háden,et al.  Probing Attentive and Preattentive Emergent Meter in Adult Listeners without Extensive Music Training , 2009 .

[213]  M. Boltz,et al.  Tempo discrimination of musical patterns: Effects due to pitch and rhythmic structure , 1998, Perception & psychophysics.

[214]  Sandra E. Trehub,et al.  Pitch and Timing in the Songs of Deaf Children With Cochlear Implants , 2006 .

[215]  Peter E. Keller,et al.  Musical meter in attention to multipart rhythm , 2005 .

[216]  Fan-Gang Zeng,et al.  Music Perception with Temporal Cues in Acoustic and Electric Hearing , 2004, Ear and hearing.

[217]  Henkjan Honing,et al.  Swing once more: Relating timing and tempo in expert jazz drumming , 2008 .

[218]  V. Iyer Embodied Mind, Situated Cognition, and Expressive Microtiming in African-American Music , 2002 .

[219]  E. Schellenberg,et al.  Effects of Musical Tempo and Mode on Arousal, Mood, and Spatial Abilities , 2002 .

[220]  E. Large On synchronizing movements to music , 2000 .

[221]  P van Leeuwen,et al.  Musical rhythms in heart period dynamics: a cross-cultural and interdisciplinary approach to cardiac rhythms. , 1999, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[222]  C Athena Aktipis,et al.  The ecology of entrainment: Foundations of coordinated rhythmic movement. , 2010, Music perception.

[223]  Peter Desain,et al.  Modeling the effect of meter in rhythmic categorization; Preliminary results , 2001 .

[224]  Jeff Pressing,et al.  Black Atlantic Rhythm: Its Computational and Transcultural Foundations , 2002 .

[225]  Peter Desain,et al.  The Bayesian Way to Relate Rhythm Perception and Production , 2006 .

[226]  L. Trainor,et al.  Effects of Kindermusik training on infants' rhythmic enculturation. , 2010, Developmental science.

[227]  Editorial: New Research in Rhythm Perception and Production , 2005 .

[228]  D. Lewkowicz,et al.  Perception of audiovisual rhythm and its invariance in 4- to 10-month-old infants. , 2006, Developmental psychobiology.

[229]  L. V. Noorden,et al.  The Influence of Pitch Interval on the Perception of Polyrhythms , 2005 .

[230]  H. C. Longuet-Higgins,et al.  Mental Processes: Studies in Cognitive Science , 1987 .

[231]  S. Harnad Categorical Perception: The Groundwork of Cognition , 1990 .

[232]  Hugo Merchant,et al.  Learning and generalization of time production in humans: rules of transfer across modalities and interval durations , 2009, Experimental Brain Research.

[233]  Tuomas Eerola,et al.  The role of melodic and temporal cues in perceiving musical meter. , 2004, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[234]  Peter Desain,et al.  Effects of Tempo on the Timing of Simple Musical Rhythms , 2002 .

[235]  J. Snyder,et al.  Gamma-band activity reflects the metric structure of rhythmic tone sequences. , 2005, Brain research. Cognitive brain research.

[236]  Etienne Mullet,et al.  Judging the pleasantness of contour-rhythm-pitch-timbre musical combinations. , 2003, The American journal of psychology.

[237]  M. Bangert,et al.  Brain Processing of Meter and Rhythm in Music , 2003, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[238]  W. Thompson,et al.  A Comparison of Acoustic Cues in Music and Speech for Three Dimensions of Affect , 2006 .

[239]  M. Grube,et al.  Dissociation of duration-based and beat-based auditory timing in cerebellar degeneration , 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[240]  John M. Geringer,et al.  The Effect of Articulation Style on Perception of Modulated Tempo , 2006 .

[241]  E. Hannon,et al.  Infants prefer the musical meter of their own culture: a cross-cultural comparison. , 2010, Developmental psychology.

[242]  T. Nakata,et al.  Influences of Temporal Fluctuation on Infant Attention , 2005 .

[243]  R. Zatorre,et al.  Moving on Time: Brain Network for Auditory-Motor Synchronization is Modulated by Rhythm Complexity and Musical Training , 2008, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[244]  Jessica F. Hay,et al.  Perception of rhythmic grouping: Testing the iambic/trochaic law , 2007, Perception & psychophysics.

[245]  Marc Leman,et al.  A Cross-modal Heuristic for Periodic Pattern Analysis of Samba Music and Dance , 2009 .

[246]  Henkjan Honing,et al.  Musical Cognition: A Science of Listening , 2011 .

[247]  Dirk Vorberg,et al.  Keeping Synchrony While Tempo Changes: Accelerando and Ritardando , 2005 .

[248]  D Yves von Cramon,et al.  Tuning‐in to the beat: Aesthetic appreciation of musical rhythms correlates with a premotor activity boost , 2009, Human brain mapping.

[249]  H. Kojima,et al.  Active versus passive listening to auditory streaming stimuli: a near-infrared spectroscopy study. , 2010, Journal of biomedical optics.

[250]  R. Parncutt A Perceptual Model of Pulse Salience and Metrical Accent in Musical Rhythms , 1994 .

[251]  George Tzanetakis,et al.  An experimental comparison of audio tempo induction algorithms , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing.

[252]  Esther Ziegler,et al.  Early electrophysiological correlates of meter and rhythm processing in music perception , 2009, Cortex.

[253]  David Temperley,et al.  Meter and Grouping in African Music: A View from Music Theory , 2000 .

[254]  Nathaniel S. Miller,et al.  Picking up the pace: Effects of global temporal context on sensitivity to the tempo of auditory sequences , 2007, Perception & psychophysics.

[255]  Virginia B. Penhune,et al.  Rhythm synchronization performance and auditory working memory in early- and late-trained musicians , 2010, Experimental Brain Research.

[256]  M. O. Belardinelli,et al.  The influence of melodic and rhythmic redundancies on recognition memory for unknown musical themes , 2009 .

[257]  R. Parncutt Systematic Musicology and the History and Future of Western Musical Scholarship , 2007 .

[258]  H. Honing On the Growing Role of Observation, Formalization and Experimental Method in Musicology , 2006 .

[259]  J. Devin McAuley,et al.  Neural bases of individual differences in beat perception , 2009, NeuroImage.

[260]  H Pashler,et al.  Perception and production of brief durations: beat-based versus interval-based timing. , 2001, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[261]  Peter E Keller,et al.  Sensorimotor synchronization with adaptively timed sequences. , 2008, Human movement science.

[262]  S. Harnad To Cognize is to Categorize: Cognition is Categorization , 2005 .

[263]  Peter Desain,et al.  The Formation of Rhythmic Categories and Metric Priming , 2003, Perception.

[264]  Jeff Pressing,et al.  The referential dynamics of cognition and action , 1999 .

[265]  B. Repp,et al.  Rhythmic movement is attracted more strongly to auditory than to visual rhythms , 2004, Psychological research.

[266]  Thomas H Rammsayer,et al.  Aspects of temporal information processing: A dimensional analysis , 2004, Psychological research.

[267]  B. Merker,et al.  On the role and origin of isochrony in human rhythmic entrainment , 2009, Cortex.

[268]  B. Carson Perceiving and Distinguishing Simple Timespan Ratios without Metric Reinforcement , 2007 .

[269]  Annett Schirmer,et al.  Unattended musical beats enhance visual processing. , 2010, Acta psychologica.

[270]  Y. Nakajima,et al.  A Model of Empty Duration Perception , 1987, Perception.

[271]  Neil P. McAngus Todd,et al.  The Contribution of Anthropometric Factors to Individual Differences in the Perception of Rhythm , 2007 .

[272]  M. Grube,et al.  Metricality-enhanced temporal encoding and the subjective perception of rhythmic sequences , 2009, Cortex.

[273]  R. Shepard Perceptual-cognitive universals as reflections of the world. , 2001, The Behavioral and brain sciences.

[274]  A. Nobre,et al.  Dissociating explicit timing from temporal expectation with fMRI , 2008, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[275]  Emery Schubert,et al.  Perception of Emotion in Sounded and Imagined Music , 2010 .

[276]  Bruno H. Repp,et al.  Flexibility of temporal expectations for triple subdivision of a beat , 2009, Advances in cognitive psychology.

[277]  L. Jäncke,et al.  Refinement of metre perception – training increases hierarchical metre processing , 2010, The European journal of neuroscience.

[278]  Jessica A. Grahn,et al.  The Role of the Basal Ganglia in Beat Perception , 2009, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[279]  Aniruddh D. Patel,et al.  Perception of rhythmic grouping depends on auditory experience. , 2008, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[280]  W. Fitch The biology and evolution of music: A comparative perspective , 2006, Cognition.

[281]  John A. Michon,et al.  Timing in temporal tracking , 1967 .

[282]  John M. Geringer Musicians’ Preferences for Tempo and Pitch Levels in Recorded Orchestral Music , 2010 .

[283]  Patrick McNeill Off the Beat , 1991 .

[284]  Edward W Large,et al.  Fractal Tempo Fluctuation and Pulse Prediction. , 2009, Music perception.

[285]  S. Grondin Timing and time perception: A review of recent behavioral and neuroscience findings and theoretical directions , 2010, Attention, perception & psychophysics.

[286]  C. Drake,et al.  Tapping in Time with Mechanically and Expressively Performed Music , 2000 .

[287]  Barry Ross Challenges facing theories of music and language co-evolution , 2009 .

[288]  Richard Hudson Stolen Time: The History of Tempo Rubato , 1995 .

[289]  Steven M. Demorest,et al.  Cultural constraints on music perception and cognition. , 2009, Progress in brain research.

[290]  L. Trainor,et al.  Hearing what the body feels: Auditory encoding of rhythmic movement , 2007, Cognition.

[291]  Bruno H Repp,et al.  Sensorimotor synchronization and perception of timing: effects of music training and task experience. , 2010, Human movement science.

[292]  P. Pfordresher The Role of Melodic and Rhythmic Accents in Musical Structure , 2003 .

[293]  Elizabeth Hellmuth Margulis,et al.  Silences in Music are Musical Not Silent: An Exploratory Study of Context Effects on the Experience of Musical Pauses , 2007 .

[294]  Carol L. Krumhansl,et al.  Tapping to Ragtime: Cues to Pulse Finding , 2001 .

[295]  Xavier Serra,et al.  Computational models of music perception and cognition I: the perceptual and cognitive processing chain , 2008 .

[296]  C. Stevens,et al.  Music, movement and marimba: an investigation of the role of movement and gesture in communicating musical expression to an audience , 2009 .

[297]  Josh H McDermott,et al.  Music Perception, Pitch, and the Auditory System This Review Comes from a Themed Issue on Sensory Systems Edited Pitch Relations across Time—relative Pitch Relative Pitch—behavioral Evidence Neural Mechanisms of Relative Pitch Representation of Simultaneous Pitches— Chords and Polyphony Summary and , 2022 .

[298]  Wolfgang Prinz,et al.  Recognizing one’s own clapping: The role of temporal cues , 2004, Psychological research.

[299]  Scott P. Johnson,et al.  Infants use meter to categorize rhythms and melodies: Implications for musical structure learning , 2005, Cognitive Psychology.

[300]  Henkjan Honing Is there a perception-based alternative to kinematic models of tempo rubato? , 2005 .

[301]  Coupling between perception and action timing during sensorimotor synchronization , 2010, Neuroscience Letters.

[302]  Stephen Mc Adams,et al.  The Perceptual Structure of Thematic Materials in The Angel of Death , 2004 .

[303]  Stephen McAdams,et al.  Influences of Large-Scale Form on Continuous Ratings in Response to a Contemporary Piece in a Live Concert Setting , 2004 .

[304]  McAngus N. Todd,et al.  A sensorimotor theory of temporal tracking and beat induction , 2002, Psychological research.

[305]  Justyna Humięcka-Jakubowska,et al.  Sweet Anticipation : Music and , 2006 .

[306]  Mark A. Schmuckler,et al.  The effect of task and pitch structure on pitch-time interactions in music , 2009, Memory & cognition.

[307]  Lydia N. Slobodian Perception and production of linguistic and musical rhythm by Korean and English middle school students , 2008 .

[308]  Robert G. Cook,et al.  Testing meter, rhythm, and tempo discriminations in pigeons , 2010, Behavioural Processes.

[309]  L. Cuddy,et al.  Detection of metric structure in auditory figural patterns , 2002, Perception & psychophysics.