Crossed patterned structured illumination for the analysis and velocimetry of transient turbid media

Imaging through turbid environments is experimentally challenging due to multiple light scattering. Structured laser illumination has proven to be effective to minimize errors arising from this phenomenon, allowing the interior of optically dense media to be observed. However, in order to preserve the image spatial resolution while suppressing the intensity contribution from multiple light scattering, the method relies on multiple acquisitions and thus sequential illumination. These requirements significantly limit the usefulness of structured illumination when imaging highly transient events. Here we present a method for achieving snapshot visualizations using structured illumination, where the spatial frequency domain is increased by a factor of two compared to past structured illumination snapshots. Our approach uses two crossed intensity-modulated patterns, allowing us to expand the spatial frequency response of the extracted data. The snapshot capability of this imaging approach allows tracking single particles and opens up for the extraction of velocity vectors by combining it with standard particle tracking/image velocimetry (PTV or PIV) equipment. In this paper we demonstrate the capabilities of this new method and, for the first time, use structured illumination to extract velocity vectors in 2D in a transient turbid medium, in this case an optically dense atomizing spray.

[1]  M. Linne,et al.  Evaluation of optical arrangements for ballistic imaging in sprays. , 2015, Optics express.

[2]  R. Heintzmann,et al.  Saturated patterned excitation microscopy--a concept for optical resolution improvement. , 2002, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[3]  M. Aldén,et al.  Stray light suppression in spectroscopy using periodic shadowing. , 2014, Optics express.

[4]  M. Aldén,et al.  Advancements in Rayleigh scattering thermometry by means of structured illumination , 2015 .

[5]  Elias Kristensson,et al.  Single scattering detection in turbid media using single-phase structured illumination filtering , 2012 .

[6]  M. Gustafsson.  Nonlinear structured-illumination microscopy: wide-field fluorescence imaging with theoretically unlimited resolution. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[7]  W. Bachalo.  SPRAY DIAGNOSTICS FOR THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY , 2000 .

[8]  Tobias Breuninger,et al.  Lateral modulation boosts image quality in single plane illumination fluorescence microscopy. , 2007, Optics letters.

[9]  M. Gustafsson,et al.  Subdiffraction Multicolor Imaging of the Nuclear Periphery with 3D Structured Illumination Microscopy , 2008, Science.

[10]  M. Richter,et al.  Analysis of multiple scattering suppression using structured laser illumination planar imaging in scattering and fluorescing media. , 2011, Optics express.

[11]  Philipp J. Keller,et al.  Fast, high-contrast imaging of animal development with scanned light sheet–based structured-illumination microscopy , 2010, Nature Methods.

[12]  T. Wilson,et al.  Method of obtaining optical sectioning by using structured light in a conventional microscope. , 1997, Optics letters.

[13]  Mark Linne,et al.  Ballistic imaging of the near field in a diesel spray , 2006 .

[14]  Christopher F. Powell,et al.  QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENTS OF DIESEL FUEL SPRAY CHARACTERISTICS IN THE NEAR-NOZZLE REGION USING X-RAY ABSORPTION , 2001 .

[15]  Mark Linne,et al.  Imaging in the optically dense regions of a spray: A review of developing techniques , 2013 .

[16]  Christopher D. Radke,et al.  High-speed, two-dimensional synchrotron white-beam x-ray radiography of spray breakup and atomization. , 2017, Optics express.

[17]  Elias Kristensson,et al.  FRAME: femtosecond videography for atomic and molecular dynamics , 2017, Light: Science & Applications.

[18]  S. Idlahcen,et al.  Sub-picosecond ballistic imaging of a liquid jet , 2012 .

[19]  Edouard Berrocal,et al.  Ballistic imaging of liquid breakup processes in dense sprays , 2009 .

[20]  Elias Kristensson,et al.  Nanosecond Structured Laser Illumination Planar Imaging for Single-Shot Imaging of Dense Sprays , 2010 .

[21]  Clemens F. Kaminski,et al.  Frontiers in structured illumination microscopy , 2016 .

[22]  Mark Linne,et al.  Single-shot, two-dimensional ballistic imaging through scattering media. , 2004, Applied optics.

[23]  Lars Zigan,et al.  Light sheet fluorescence microscopic imaging for high-resolution visualization of spray dynamics , 2018 .

[24]  R R Alfano,et al.  Fourier spatial filter acts as a temporal gate for light propagating through a turbid medium. , 1995, Optics letters.

[25]  J. Westerweel,et al.  Particle Image Velocimetry for Complex and Turbulent Flows , 2013 .

[26]  C. Carter,et al.  Ballistic imaging in the near-field of an effervescent spray , 2010 .

[27]  Christopher F. Powell,et al.  X-ray Imaging of Shock Waves Generated by High-Pressure Fuel Sprays , 2002, Science.

[28]  J. Siegel,et al.  Time‐domain whole‐field fluorescence lifetime imaging with optical sectioning , 2001, Journal of microscopy.

[29]  Suresh K. Aggarwal,et al.  Quantitative X-ray measurements of high-pressure fuel sprays from a production heavy duty diesel injector , 2009 .

[30]  Elias Kristensson,et al.  Instantaneous 3D imaging of flame species using coded laser illumination , 2017 .

[31]  Elias Kristensson,et al.  Application of structured illumination for multiple scattering suppression in planar laser imaging of dense sprays. , 2008, Optics Express.

[32]  R. Adrian.  Twenty years of particle image velocimetry , 2005 .

[33]  Todd D. Fansler,et al.  Spray measurement technology: a review , 2014 .

[34]  S. Wereley,et al.  Volume illumination for two-dimensional particle image velocimetry , 2000 .

[35]  M. Gustafsson.  Surpassing the lateral resolution limit by a factor of two using structured illumination microscopy , 2000, Journal of microscopy.

[36]  H. Purwar,et al.  Collinear, two-color optical Kerr effect shutter for ultrafast time-resolved imaging. , 2014, Optics express.

[37]  Christopher F. Powell,et al.  Quantitative analysis of highly transient fuel sprays by time-resolved x-radiography , 2003 .

[38]  R R Alfano,et al.  Kerr - Fourier imaging of hidden objects in thick turbid media. , 1993, Optics letters.