Applying the swift trust model to human-robot teaming

Abstract Swift trust is a type of trust that is necessary when temporary group members rapidly develop a working relationship and interact with each other to perform team tasks. These teams are characterized by a lack of prior history of collaboration, experiences, or interactions to judge each other's trustworthiness and little prospect of working together in the future. Due to the current technological capabilities of robots along with the context they are typically used, swift trust is also relevant for human-robot teams. Although swift trust has traditionally been applied to solely human-human teams, there is a need to understand how swift trust is developed for human-robot teams given the proliferation of robots for team tasks. This chapter discusses the contrast of swift trust with more traditional trust conceptions and describes how swift trust can be used to describe the trust relationships formed in current and future human-robot teams.

[1]  Dana E. Sims,et al.  Trust in leadership: A multi-level review and integration , 2007 .

[2]  Lars Oestreicher,et al.  User Expectations on Human-Robot Co-operation , 2006, ROMAN 2006 - The 15th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication.

[3]  Jodi Forlizzi,et al.  Receptionist or information kiosk: how do people talk with a robot? , 2010, CSCW '10.

[4]  Illah Reza Nourbakhsh,et al.  The coming robot dystopia , 2015 .

[5]  Maya B. Mathur,et al.  Navigating a social world with robot partners: A quantitative cartography of the Uncanny Valley , 2016, Cognition.

[6]  Elizabeth Phillips,et al.  How People Infer a Humanlike Mind from a Robot Body , 2019 .

[7]  J. G. Holmes,et al.  Trust in close relationships. , 1985 .

[8]  S. Dolan,et al.  The differential effect of team members' trust on team performance: The mediation role of team cohesion , 2010 .

[9]  J. H. Davis,et al.  An Integrative Model Of Organizational Trust , 1995 .

[10]  James L. Szalma,et al.  A Meta-Analysis of Factors Influencing the Development of Trust in Automation , 2016, Hum. Factors.

[11]  Deborah Lee,et al.  Measuring Individual Differences in the Perfect Automation Schema , 2015, Hum. Factors.

[12]  Pei-Luen Patrick Rau,et al.  A Cross-cultural Study: Effect of Robot Appearance and Task , 2010, Int. J. Soc. Robotics.

[13]  Jean Scholtz,et al.  Common metrics for human-robot interaction , 2006, HRI '06.

[14]  Guy Hoffman,et al.  Evaluating Fluency in Human–Robot Collaboration , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems.

[15]  Kathleen Boies,et al.  Communication and trust are key: Unlocking the relationship between leadership and team performance and creativity , 2015 .

[16]  D. Wiegmann,et al.  Similarities and differences between human–human and human–automation trust: an integrative review , 2007 .

[17]  S. Boon,et al.  The dynamics of interpersonal trust: resolving uncertainty in the ace of risk , 1991 .

[18]  Katsumi Watanabe,et al.  How people perceive different robot types: A direct comparison of an android, humanoid, and non-biomimetic robot , 2016, 2016 8th International Conference on Knowledge and Smart Technology (KST).

[19]  Alan R. Wagner,et al.  Overtrust of robots in emergency evacuation scenarios , 2016, 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI).

[20]  Sarah N. Woods,et al.  The design space of robots: investigating children's views , 2004, RO-MAN 2004. 13th IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (IEEE Catalog No.04TH8759).

[21]  Jessie Y. C. Chen,et al.  Human-robot interaction: Developing trust in robots , 2012, 2012 7th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI).

[22]  Anton J. Villado,et al.  Getting Specific about Demographic Diversity Variable and Team Performance Relationships: A Meta-Analysis , 2011 .

[23]  David B. Kaber,et al.  A conceptual framework of autonomous and automated agents , 2017 .

[24]  Patric R. Spence,et al.  Initial Interaction Expectations with Robots: Testing the Human-To-Human Interaction Script , 2016 .

[25]  K. MacDorman,et al.  Subjective Ratings of Robot Video Clips for Human Likeness, Familiarity, and Eeriness: An Exploration of the Uncanny Valley , 2006 .

[26]  Ronald C. Arkin,et al.  Moral Decision Making in Autonomous Systems: Enforcement, Moral Emotions, Dignity, Trust, and Deception , 2012, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[27]  Christopher M. Schlick,et al.  TAM Reloaded: A Technology Acceptance Model for Human-Robot Cooperation in Production Systems , 2016, HCI.

[28]  J. Burgoon,et al.  Interactivity in human–computer interaction: a study of credibility, understanding, and influence , 2000 .

[29]  F. Eyssel,et al.  Social categorization of social robots: anthropomorphism as a function of robot group membership. , 2012, The British journal of social psychology.

[30]  M. Maznevski,et al.  Unraveling the effects of cultural diversity in teams: A meta-analysis of research on multicultural work groups , 2010 .

[31]  Tyler H. Shaw,et al.  From ‘automation’ to ‘autonomy’: the importance of trust repair in human–machine interaction , 2018, Ergonomics.

[32]  Detmar W. Straub,et al.  Trust and TAM in Online Shopping: An Integrated Model , 2003, MIS Q..

[33]  Kerstin Sophie Haring,et al.  Changes in perception of a small humanoid robot , 2015, 2015 6th International Conference on Automation, Robotics and Applications (ICARA).

[34]  Bart A. de Jong,et al.  "Trust and Team Performance: A Meta-Analysis of Main Effects, Contingencies, and Qualifiers" , 2015 .

[35]  Christopher D. Wickens,et al.  The benefits of imperfect diagnostic automation: a synthesis of the literature , 2007 .

[36]  Jessica L. Wildman,et al.  Trust Development in Swift Starting Action Teams , 2012 .

[37]  Kerstin Eder,et al.  Believing in BERT: Using expressive communication to enhance trust and counteract operational error in physical Human-robot interaction , 2016, 2016 25th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN).

[38]  Anthony J. Ries,et al.  Calibrating Trust in Automation Through Familiarity With the Autoparking Feature of a Tesla Model X , 2019, Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making.

[39]  Alan R. Wagner,et al.  Timing Is Key for Robot Trust Repair , 2015, ICSR.

[40]  P A Hancock,et al.  Imposing limits on autonomous systems , 2017, Ergonomics.

[41]  Joseph B. Lyons,et al.  Individual differences in human–machine trust: A multi-study look at the perfect automation schema , 2018, Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science.

[42]  Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa,et al.  Communication and Trust in Global Virtual Teams , 1999 .

[43]  John D. Lee,et al.  Trust in Automation: Designing for Appropriate Reliance , 2004, Hum. Factors.

[44]  Nicole C. Krämer,et al.  A survey on robot appearances , 2012, HRI '12.

[45]  Brian Scassellati,et al.  No fair!! An interaction with a cheating robot , 2010, 2010 5th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI).

[46]  Ana Paiva,et al.  Social Robots for Long-Term Interaction: A Survey , 2013, International Journal of Social Robotics.

[47]  Gerhard Sagerer,et al.  Understanding social robots: A user study on anthropomorphism , 2008, RO-MAN 2008 - The 17th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication.

[48]  Raja Parasuraman,et al.  Effects of Imperfect Automation on Decision Making in a Simulated Command and Control Task , 2007, Hum. Factors.

[49]  Claus W. Langfred.  Too Much of a Good Thing? Negative Effects of High Trust and Individual Autonomy in Self-Managing Teams , 2004 .

[50]  Matthias Scheutz,et al.  Which robot am I thinking about? The impact of action and appearance on people's evaluations of a moral robot , 2016, 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI).

[51]  Brian Scassellati,et al.  Effects of form and motion on judgments of social robots' animacy, likability, trustworthiness and unpleasantness , 2016, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[52]  Ewart de Visser,et al.  Measurement of trust in human-robot collaboration , 2007, 2007 International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems.

[53]  John D. Lee,et al.  Trust, self-confidence, and operators' adaptation to automation , 1994, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[54]  Jessie Y. C. Chen,et al.  A Meta-Analysis of Factors Affecting Trust in Human-Robot Interaction , 2011, Hum. Factors.

[55]  Ana Cristina Costa,et al.  Work team trust and effectiveness , 2003 .

[56]  V. Groom,et al.  Can robots be teammates?: Benchmarks in human–robot teams , 2007 .

[57]  Kerem Rizvanoglu,et al.  The Impact of Human Likeness on the Older Adults' Perceptions and Preferences of Humanoid Robot Appearance , 2014, HCI.

[58]  Matthew G. Chin,et al.  Anthropomorphism of Robotic Forms: A Response to Affordances? , 2005 .

[59]  Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa,et al.  Is Anybody Out There? Antecedents of Trust in Global Virtual Teams , 1998, J. Manag. Inf. Syst..

[60]  Christopher D. Wickens,et al.  Display Signaling in Augmented Reality: Effects of Cue Reliability and Image Realism on Attention Allocation and Trust Calibration , 2001, Hum. Factors.

[61]  S. Jarvenpaa,et al.  Swift trust in global virtual teams: Trusting beliefs and normative actions. , 2013 .

[62]  Ben J. A. Kröse,et al.  Assessing Acceptance of Assistive Social Agent Technology by Older Adults: the Almere Model , 2010, Int. J. Soc. Robotics.

[63]  Hayeon Song,et al.  Can a robot be perceived as a developing creature? Effects of a robot's long-term cognitive developments on its social presence and people's social responses toward it , 2005 .

[64]  Holly A. Yanco,et al.  Impact of robot failures and feedback on real-time trust , 2013, 2013 8th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI).

[65]  Christopher A. Miller,et al.  Trust and etiquette in high-criticality automated systems , 2004, CACM.

[66]  Brian Scassellati,et al.  Comparing Models of Disengagement in Individual and Group Interactions , 2015, 2015 10th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI).

[67]  Aaron Powers,et al.  Matching robot appearance and behavior to tasks to improve human-robot cooperation , 2003, The 12th IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Interactive Communication, 2003. Proceedings. ROMAN 2003..

[68]  Katsumi Watanabe,et al.  FFAB—The Form Function Attribution Bias in Human–Robot Interaction , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems.

[69]  Bertram Malle,et al.  How Many Dimensions of Mind Perception Really Are There? , 2019, CogSci.

[70]  Matthias Scheutz,et al.  Let Me Tell You! : Investigating the Effects of Robot Communication Strategies in Advice-giving Situations based on Robot Appearance, Interaction Modality and Distance , 2014, 2014 9th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI).

[71]  Brian Scassellati,et al.  Smart Human, Smarter Robot: How Cheating Affects Perceptions of Social Agency , 2014, CogSci.

[72]  Yong Gu Ji,et al.  Investigating the Importance of Trust on Adopting an Autonomous Vehicle , 2015, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact..

[73]  Raja Parasuraman,et al.  Humans and Automation: Use, Misuse, Disuse, Abuse , 1997, Hum. Factors.

[74]  Xuan Zhao,et al.  What is Human-like?: Decomposing Robots’ Human-like Appearance Using the Anthropomorphic roBOT (ABOT) Database , 2018, 2018 13th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI).

[75]  N. L. Chervany,et al.  Initial Trust Formation in New Organizational Relationships , 1998 .

[76]  Trust in Swift Starting Action Teams: Critical Considerations , 2018 .

[77]  Matteo Cianchetti,et al.  Soft robotics: Technologies and systems pushing the boundaries of robot abilities , 2016, Science Robotics.

[78]  Brent A. Scott,et al.  Trust, trustworthiness, and trust propensity: a meta-analytic test of their unique relationships with risk taking and job performance. , 2007, The Journal of applied psychology.

[79]  Alan R. Wagner,et al.  Effect of Robot Performance on Human–Robot Trust in Time-Critical Situations , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems.

[80]  Stephanie Rosenthal,et al.  Designing robots for long-term social interaction , 2005, 2005 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems.

[81]  Brian Scassellati,et al.  Theory of Mind for a Humanoid Robot , 2002, Auton. Robots.

[82]  Paolo Fiorini,et al.  Search and Rescue Robotics , 2008, Springer Handbook of Robotics.

[83]  Daniel J. McAllister.  Affect- and Cognition-Based Trust as Foundations for Interpersonal Cooperation in Organizations , 1995 .

[84]  Christopher D. Wickens,et al.  Complacency and Automation Bias in the Use of Imperfect Automation , 2015, Hum. Factors.

[85]  Taezoon Park,et al.  When stereotypes meet robots: The double-edge sword of robot gender and personality in human-robot interaction , 2014, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[86]  Bilge Mutlu,et al.  One of the gang: supporting in-group behavior for embodied mediated communication , 2012, CHI.

[87]  Fred D. Davis.  Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology , 1989, MIS Q..

[88]  Brian R. Duffy,et al.  Anthropomorphism and the social robot , 2003, Robotics Auton. Syst..

[89]  S. Shyam Sundar,et al.  The Hollywood Robot Syndrome media effects on older adults' attitudes toward robots and adoption intentions , 2016, 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI).

[90]  Alan R. Dennis,et al.  Individual Swift Trust and Knowledge-Based Trust in Face-to-Face and Virtual Team Members , 2009, J. Manag. Inf. Syst..

[91]  F. Zijlstra,et al.  Setting the tone: Early interaction patterns in swift-starting teams as a predictor of effectiveness , 2012 .

[92]  Cynthia Breazeal,et al.  Robots at home: Understanding long-term human-robot interaction , 2008, 2008 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems.

[93]  Kristin E. Schaefer,et al.  Assessing multi-agent human-autonomy teams: US Army Robotic Wingman gunnery operations , 2019, Defense + Commercial Sensing.

[94]  Sara B. Kiesler,et al.  The advisor robot: tracing people's mental model from a robot's physical attributes , 2006, HRI '06.

[95]  Joseph R. Keebler,et al.  Toward an Understanding of Trust Repair in Human-Robot Interaction , 2018, ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst..

[96]  Brian Scassellati,et al.  Evidence that Robots Trigger a Cheating Detector in Humans , 2015, 2015 10th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI).