Development and Trial of a Method to Investigate the Acceptability of Seat Belt Reminder Systems

This report details the development and trial of a method to assess the acceptability of seat belt reminder systems. The method is based on the simulation of social processes likely to occur with the introduction of the reminder systems and measurement of attitudes, motivations, and likely behaviours. The method was trialled using Australian participants recruited using a .telephone survey concerning seat belt use and related attitudes. The results were very positive with respect to the acceptability of seat belt reminders in Australia. Drivers with relatively low wearing rates were not opposed to seat belts but appeared not to have developed a seat belt wearing habit in some driving situations. Participants were generally positive about the likely introduction of seat belt reminder systems. Recommendations are made for the application of this method in Sweden and elsewhere, and for the application of the method to assess the likely acceptability of other ITS systems during their development. (a)

[1]  L. Evans Safety-belt effectiveness: the influence of crash severity and selective recruitment. , 1996, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[2]  H. Leventhal,et al.  Fear appeals and persuasion: the differentiation of a motivational construct. , 1971, American journal of public health.

[3]  D. Parker,et al.  Extending the theory of planned behaviour: The role of personal norm , 1995 .

[4]  Leroy C. Gould,et al.  Public Perceptions of the Risks and Benefits of Technology1 , 1989 .

[5]  G L Martin,et al.  Women as motivators in the use of safety belts. , 1990, Health values.

[6]  S E Forward MEASURING ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOUR USING THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOUR , 1997 .

[7]  Thomas T. Jackson,et al.  Field Study of Risk-Taking Behavior of Automobile Drivers , 1976 .

[8]  Joseph E. Faulkner,et al.  Empirical Taxonomy of Religious Individuals: An Investigation among College Students , 1979 .

[9]  I B Pless,et al.  A comparison of observed and reported restraint use by children and adults. , 1985, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[10]  William A. Donohue Issues of risk in adult and teen safety belt use , 1988 .

[11]  Paul Wasielewski,et al.  Speed as a measure of driver risk: Observed speeds versus driver and vehicle characteristics , 1984 .

[12]  Brian N. Fildes,et al.  AN INVESTIGATION OF CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH DRIVING SPEED , 1998 .

[13]  M. Clark,et al.  Seat belt use on a university campus. , 1993, Journal of American college health : J of ACH.

[14]  R. Homel Policing and punishing the drinking driver , 1988 .

[15]  Max Cameron,et al.  Seat belt wearing rates in Victoria: 1994 , 1996 .

[16]  W. T. Williams,et al.  Fundamental Problems in Numerical Taxonomy , 1966 .

[17]  Vincent Kanade,et al.  Clustering Algorithms , 2021, Wireless RF Energy Transfer in the Massive IoT Era.

[18]  K. Higbee,et al.  Fifteen years of fear arousal: research on threat appeals: 1953-1968. , 1969, Psychological bulletin.

[19]  M Híjar,et al.  Alcohol intake and severity of injuries on highways in Mexico: a comparative analysis. , 1998, Addiction.

[20]  Baruch Fischhoff,et al.  Accident probabilities and seat belt usage: A psychological perspective☆ , 1978 .

[21]  Julian V. Roberts Selective recall for personally relevant communications. , 1984 .

[22]  David W. Eby,et al.  PATTERNS OF MICHIGAN SAFETY-BELT USE. , 1998 .

[23]  Jeanne Brooks-Gunn,et al.  Patterns of Low-Birth-Weight Children's Cognitive Development. , 1993 .

[24]  Jacob Cohen A Coefficient of Agreement for Nominal Scales , 1960 .

[25]  A Schichor,et al.  Seat belt use and stress in adolescents. , 1990, Adolescence.

[26]  P. Sopp Cluster analysis. , 1996, Veterinary immunology and immunopathology.

[27]  R. J. Wilson,et al.  The relationship of seat belt non-use to personality, lifestyle and driving record , 1990 .

[28]  W. Harrison Applying psychology to a reluctant road safety: A comment on south (1998) , 1998 .

[29]  Arthur J. Cropley,et al.  Attitudinal factors in the non-use of seat belts , 1976 .

[30]  David South,et al.  General deterrence and behaviour change: A comment on the Australian psychological society position paper on punishment and behaviour change , 1998 .

[31]  Mark S. Young,et al.  Vehicle automation and driving performance , 1998 .

[32]  R. Cialdini,et al.  Social influence: Social norms, conformity and compliance. , 1998 .

[33]  T R Miller,et al.  Highway crash costs in the United States by driver age, blood alcohol level, victim age, and restraint use. , 1998, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[34]  R. Blashfield,et al.  Neuropsychology and cluster analysis: potentials and problems. , 1981, Journal of clinical neuropsychology.

[35]  Martin Fishbein,et al.  The Relation Between Perceived Risk and Preventive Action: A Within-Subject Analysis of Perceived Driving Risk and Intentions to Wear Seatbelts , 1990 .

[36]  P. Warr,et al.  Drivers use of seat belts as a function of attitude and anxiety. , 1976, The British journal of social and clinical psychology.

[37]  A K Lund Voluntary seat belt use among U.S. drivers: geographic, socioeconomic and demographic variation. , 1986, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[38]  L. Berkowitz,et al.  The interest value and relevance of fear-arousing communications. , 1960, Journal of abnormal and social psychology.

[39]  Gary Klein,et al.  Sources of Power: How People Make Decisions , 2017 .

[40]  S Sutton,et al.  Shock tactics and the myth of the inverted U. , 1992, British journal of addiction.

[41]  D. Trichopoulos,et al.  Adolescents in high-risk trajectory: clustering of risky behavior and the origins of socioeconomic health differentials. , 1997, Preventive medicine.

[42]  J O'Day,et al.  ATTITUDES TOWARD WEARING BELTS: A SURVEY OF MICHIGAN DRIVERS , 1983 .

[43]  Jason N. Doctor,et al.  An empirical evaluation of multidimensional clinical outcome in chronic low back pain patients , 1993, Pain.

[44]  G. Klein,et al.  A recognition-primed decision (RPD) model of rapid decision making. , 1993 .

[45]  G D Nelson,et al.  Safety belt promotion: theory and practice. , 1988, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[46]  Allan F. Williams,et al.  Factors associated with high blood alcohol concentrations among fatally injured drivers in the United States, 1991 , 1993 .

[47]  Brian A. Jonah LEGISLATION AND THE PREDICTION OF REPORTED SEAT BELT USE , 1984 .

[48]  Eric Rodgman,et al.  Characteristics of seat belt users and non-users in a state with a mandatory belt use law , 1990 .

[49]  Beat Kleiner,et al.  10 Graphical techniques for multivariate data and for clustering , 1982, Classification, Pattern Recognition and Reduction of Dimensionality.

[50]  S K Fockler,et al.  Situational characteristics of safety belt use. , 1990, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[51]  W Janssen,et al.  Seat-belt wearing and driving behavior: an instrumented-vehicle study. , 1994, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[52]  J Rise,et al.  Young adolescents' intention to use seat belts: the role of attitudinal and normative beliefs. , 1994, Health education research.

[53]  Karel Brookhuis,et al.  Driver support and automated driving systems : Acceptance and effects on behavior , 1999 .

[54]  Dorrian Apple Sweetser Attitudinal and Social Factors Associated with Use of Seat Belts , 1967 .

[55]  Lynn R. Kahle,et al.  Seat Belt Attitudes, Habits, and Behaviors: An Adaptive Amendment to the Fishbein Model , 1983 .

[56]  R. Cranley,et al.  Multivariate Analysis—Methods and Applications , 1985 .

[57]  B. Tabachnick,et al.  Using Multivariate Statistics , 1983 .

[58]  Laveen N. Kanal,et al.  Classification, Pattern Recognition and Reduction of Dimensionality , 1982, Handbook of Statistics.

[59]  I. Ajzen,et al.  Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research , 1977 .

[60]  J F Fries,et al.  Associations among Healthy Habits, Age, Gender, and Education in a Sample of Retirees , 1993, International journal of aging & human development.

[61]  E. Scott Geller,et al.  Industry-based incentives for promoting seat belt use: Differential impact on white-collar versus blue-collar employees , 1983 .

[62]  L C Morey,et al.  A Comparison of Cluster Analysis Techniques Withing a Sequential Validation Framework. , 1983, Multivariate behavioral research.

[63]  ジャーナルAMA日本版刊行会,et al.  The Journal of the American Medical Association. , 1983, JAMA.

[64]  A Skalkidou,et al.  Fatalities from non-use of seat belts and helmets in Greece: a nationwide appraisal. Hellenic Road Traffic Police. , 1998, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[65]  Brian A. Jonah,et al.  Predicting reported seat belt use from attitudinal and normative factors , 1982 .

[66]  Risto Näätänen,et al.  The zero-risk theory and overtaking decisions. , 1988 .

[67]  J E Overall,et al.  Population recovery capabilities of 35 cluster analysis methods. , 1993, Journal of clinical psychology.

[68]  S G Stradling,et al.  Determinants of intention to commit driving violations. , 1992, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[69]  Christopher Spencer,et al.  Understanding seat‐belt use: A test of Bentler and Speckart's extension of the ‘theory of reasoned action’ , 1984 .

[70]  G Fhaner,et al.  SEAT BELTS: FACTORS INFLUENCING THEIR USE. A LITERATURE SURVEY. PART 1: A REVIEW OF RESEARCH , 1971 .

[71]  G. W. Milligan,et al.  A Review Of Monte Carlo Tests Of Cluster Analysis. , 1981, Multivariate behavioral research.

[72]  G. Logan Toward an instance theory of automatization. , 1988 .

[73]  Allan F. Williams,et al.  CHARACTERISTICS OF DRIVERS NOT USING SEAT BELTS IN A HIGH BELT USE STATE , 1996 .

[74]  A. Shibata,et al.  Risk factors of fatality in motor vehicle traffic accidents. , 1994, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[75]  B Fischhoff,et al.  Perceived driving safety and seatbelt usage. , 1985, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[76]  J. Eiser,et al.  Smoking, seat-belts, and beliefs about health. , 1979, Addictive behaviors.

[77]  R K Blashfield,et al.  The Literature On Cluster Analysis. , 1978, Multivariate behavioral research.

[78]  Gunilla Fhaner,et al.  Seat belts: relations between beliefs, attitude, and use , 1974 .

[79]  D Shinar,et al.  Demographic and socioeconomic correlates of safety belt use. , 1993, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[80]  Warren A Harrison Deterrence may not result from "deterrence": challenges to a deterrence account of the effect of enforcement on behaviour , 1998 .

[81]  Stanislav V. Kasl,et al.  Selected Psychosocial Models and Correlates of Individual Health‐Related Behaviors , 1977, Medical care.

[82]  R. Green,et al.  A method for the analysis of environmental factors controlling patterns of species composition in aquatic communities , 1978 .

[83]  H. Leventhal,et al.  Findings and Theory in the Study of Fear Communications , 1970 .

[84]  Icek Ajzen,et al.  From Intentions to Actions: A Theory of Planned Behavior , 1985 .

[85]  I. Ajzen Attitude structure and behavior. , 1989 .

[86]  H. Charles Romesburg,et al.  Cluster analysis for researchers , 1984 .

[87]  Robert Loo,et al.  Correlates of reported attitude towards and use of seat belts , 1984 .

[88]  A. Frankel,et al.  A conceptualization of threat communications and protective health behavior. , 1981, Social psychology quarterly.

[89]  W. Kip Viscusi,et al.  Smoking and other Risky Behaviors , 1998 .

[90]  I. Rosenstock Historical Origins of the Health Belief Model , 1974 .

[91]  Marcos Dipinto,et al.  Discriminant analysis , 2020, Predictive Analytics.

[92]  Talib Rothengatter,et al.  Road user behaviour, theory and research , 1988 .

[93]  Heikki Summala,et al.  RISK CONTROL IS NOT RISK ADJUSTMENT: THE ZERO-RISK THEORY OF DRIVER BEHAVIOUR AND ITS IMPLICATIONS , 1988 .

[94]  L. Robertson Reducing death on the road: the effects of minimum safety standards, publicized crash tests, seat belts, and alcohol. , 1996, American journal of public health.

[95]  Leonard Evans,et al.  Risky driving related to driver and vehicle characteristics , 1983 .

[96]  Lawrence W. Green,et al.  Health Education Planning: A Diagnostic Approach , 1979 .

[97]  László Orlóci,et al.  Classification of vegetation data from an open beach environment in southwestern Ontario: cluster analysis followed by generalized distance assignment , 1975 .

[98]  Fred D. Davis User Acceptance of Information Technology: System Characteristics, User Perceptions and Behavioral Impacts , 1993, Int. J. Man Mach. Stud..

[99]  Gordon W. Russell,et al.  Personality correlates of concrete and symbolic precautionary behaviours , 1977 .

[100]  J R Stewart Seat belt use and accident involvement: a comparison of driving behavior before and after a seat belt law. , 1993, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[101]  Graham K. Rand,et al.  Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences , 1983 .