A New Scale for Measuring Insomnia: The Bergen Insomnia Scale

A new scale for the measurement of insomnia, the Bergen Insomnia Scale, was constructed on the basis of current formal and clinical diagnostic criteria for insomnia. There are six items, of which the first three pertain to sleep onset, maintenance, and early morning wakening insomnia, respectively. The last three items refer to not feeling adequately rested, experiencing daytime impairment, and being dissatisfied with current sleep. This scale was validated in three samples, 320 students, 2,645 community persons, and 225 patients. Cronbach alphas in the three samples were .79, .87, and .80, respectively. The 2-wk. test-retest reliability for students was .77. In the student and the patient samples, a two-factor solution was found, nocturnal symptoms and daytime symptoms, but in the community sample, a one-factor solution was found. The Bergen Insomnia Scale discriminated well between the patient sample and the other two. In all three, values of convergent and discriminative validity in relation to other self-report measures were good, as well as in relation to polysomnographic data for patients. It is concluded that the Bergen Insomnia Scale has good psychometric properties. It is one of very few insomnia scales which provide normative data for comparisons and which has been validated against subjective as well as polysomnographic data.

[1]  C. Morin,et al.  Recent advances in the assessment and treatment of insomnia. , 1992, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[2]  Y. Dauvilliers.  Differential diagnosis in hypersomnia , 2006, Current neurology and neuroscience reports.

[3]  Recent advances in the assessment and treatment of insomnia. , 1992 .

[4]  T. T. Haug,et al.  The validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. An updated literature review. , 2002, Journal of psychosomatic research.

[5]  R. Snaith,et al.  The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale , 1983 .

[6]  J. Horne,et al.  A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms. , 1976, International journal of chronobiology.

[7]  D. Kupfer,et al.  Sleep and Psychiatric Disorders: A Meta-analysis , 1992 .

[8]  W Pirsig,et al.  Sleep Medicine , 2018, HNO.

[9]  C. Guilleminault,et al.  DSM–IV and ICSD–90 insomnia symptoms and sleep dissatisfaction , 1997, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[10]  S. Ancoli-Israel,et al.  Assessment and diagnosis of insomnia in non-pharmacological intervention studies. , 2002, Sleep medicine reviews.

[11]  K. Chung.  Insomnia Subtypes and Their Relationships to Daytime Sleepiness in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea , 2005, Respiration.

[12]  E. Bixler,et al.  Prevalence of sleep disorders in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. , 1979, The American journal of psychiatry.

[13]  Daniel J. Taylor,et al.  Quantitative criteria for insomnia. , 2003, Behaviour research and therapy.

[14]  S. Pallesen,et al.  Prevalence of insomnia in the adult Norwegian population. , 2001, Sleep.

[15]  S. Pallesen,et al.  Daytime functioning in older patients suffering from chronic insomnia: treatment outcome in a randomized controlled trial comparing CBT with Zopiclone. , 2008, Behaviour research and therapy.

[16]  C. Guilleminault,et al.  Insomnia and use of hypnotics: study of a French population. , 1991, Sleep.

[17]  S. Pallesen,et al.  Clinical assessment and treatment of insomnia. , 2001 .

[18]  N. Schwarz.  Self-reports: How the questions shape the answers. , 1999 .

[19]  L. Creti,et al.  A COGNITIVE MODEL OF INSOMNIA , 2022 .

[20]  C. Morin,et al.  Validation of the Insomnia Severity Index as an outcome measure for insomnia research. , 2001, Sleep medicine.

[21]  S. Weyerer,et al.  Sleep onset insomnia, sleep maintaining insomnia and insomnia with early morning awakening--temporal stability of subtypes in a longitudinal study on general practice attenders. , 1994, Sleep.

[22]  F. Lucidi,et al.  Validity of a Short Insomnia Questionnaire: the SDQ , 2004, Brain Research Bulletin.

[23]  R L Williams,et al.  Prevalence of sleep disturbance in a primarily urban Florida County. , 1976, Social science & medicine.

[24]  M. Johns,et al.  A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth sleepiness scale. , 1991, Sleep.

[25]  T. Coates,et al.  Estimating sleep parameters: a multitrait--multimethod analysis. , 1982, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[26]  C. Morin.  Measuring outcomes in randomized clinical trials of insomnia treatments. , 2003, Sleep medicine reviews.

[27]  G. Huston.  The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. , 1987, The Journal of rheumatology.

[28]  J. Horn.  A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis , 1965, Psychometrika.

[29]  A. Harvey.  A cognitive model of insomnia. , 2002, Behaviour research and therapy.

[30]  T. Paparrigopoulos,et al.  Athens Insomnia Scale: validation of an instrument based on ICD-10 criteria. , 2000, Journal of psychosomatic research.

[31]  Daniel J Buysse,et al.  The Pittsburgh sleep quality index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research , 1989, Psychiatry Research.

[32]  M H Bonnet,et al.  Activity, arousal, and the MSLT in patients with insomnia. , 2000, Sleep.

[33]  A. Beck,et al.  An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. , 1988, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[34]  D. Kripke,et al.  Reliability and validity of the Women's Health Initiative Insomnia Rating Scale. , 2003, Psychological assessment.

[35]  B Kirshner,et al.  A methodological framework for assessing health indices. , 1985, Journal of chronic diseases.

[36]  R. Snaith,et al.  Doctors and overpopulation , 1986 .

[37]  Daniel J Buysse,et al.  Self-report measures of insomnia in adults: rationales, choices, and needs. , 2004, Sleep medicine reviews.