High Aspect Ratio Ternary Zn1–xCdxO Nanowires by Electrodeposition for Light-Emitting Diode Applications

We present a combined experimental and computational approach to study Zn1–xCdxO nanowires (NWs) and their integration in light-emitting diode (LED) structures. Self-standing Zn1–xCdxO NWs have been electrodeposited on fluorine-doped tin oxide and p-GaN substrates. The electrochemical behavior has been studied, and the reaction mechanism is discussed. Low-dimensional Zn1–xCdxO structures have been obtained for CdCl2 concentrations in the deposition bath lower than 6 μM whereas at higher concentration it is admixed with crystallized CdO and the aspect ratio of the wires is decreased. According to scanning electron microscopy observations, the Zn1–xCdxO NWs have a higher aspect ratio (>30) than pure ZnO NWs (∼20) grown in similar conditions. Analyses show that the ZnO is doped with cadmium incorporated within ZnO NWs and that Cd doping increases with increasing Cd(II) content in the deposition bath. X-ray diffraction studies show increased lattice parameters in Cd-alloyed ZnO NWs. Photoluminescence studies ...

[1]  Y. Tong,et al.  A novel electrochemical deposition route for the preparation of Zn1−xCdxO nanorods with controllable optical properties , 2009 .

[2]  Theory of Anharmonic Lattice Vibration in Metallic Fine Particles. I , 1977 .

[3]  D. Lincot,et al.  Mechanistic study of ZnO nanorod array electrodeposition , 2008 .

[4]  Ion Tiginyanu,et al.  Well-aligned arrays of vertically oriented ZnO nanowires electrodeposited on ITO-coated glass and their integration in dye sensitized solar cells , 2010 .

[5]  I. Aguilera,et al.  Electronic structure and optical properties in ZnO:M(Co, Cd): Effect of band-gap variation , 2010 .

[6]  Zhongfan Liu,et al.  Low-temperature growth and properties of ZnO nanowires , 2004 .

[7]  Daniel Lincot,et al.  Mechanistic Study of Cathodic Electrodeposition of Zinc Oxide and Zinc Hydroxychloride Films from Oxygenated Aqueous Zinc Chloride Solutions , 1998 .

[8]  H. Morkoç,et al.  A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF ZNO MATERIALS AND DEVICES , 2005 .

[9]  Bruce E. Gnade,et al.  Mechanisms behind green photoluminescence in ZnO phosphor powders , 1996 .

[10]  D. Lincot,et al.  Electrochemical growth of epitaxial eosin/ZnO hybrid films , 2003 .

[11]  J. Ramos-Barrado,et al.  Indium doped zinc oxide thin films obtained by electrodeposition , 2005 .

[12]  Arturo Morales-Acevedo,et al.  Spray pyrolysis deposition of cadmium–zinc oxide thin films , 2000 .

[13]  Ion Tiginyanu,et al.  Selective hydrogen gas nanosensor using individual ZnO nanowire with fast response at room temperature , 2010 .

[14]  Thierry Pauporté,et al.  Low‐Voltage UV‐Electroluminescence from ZnO‐Nanowire Array/p‐GaN Light‐Emitting Diodes , 2010, Advanced materials.

[15]  Y. J. Chen,et al.  Positive temperature coefficient resistance and humidity sensing properties of Cd-doped ZnO nanowires , 2004 .

[16]  I. Hamberg,et al.  Evaporated Sn‐doped In2O3 films: Basic optical properties and applications to energy‐efficient windows , 1986 .

[17]  Charles M. Lieber,et al.  Growth of nanowire superlattice structures for nanoscale photonics and electronics , 2002, Nature.

[18]  Hans-Joachim Egelhaaf,et al.  Luminescence and nonradiative deactivation of excited states involving oxygen defect centers in polycrystalline ZnO , 1996 .

[19]  Jingbiao Cui,et al.  Electrochemical Route to p-Type Doping of ZnO Nanowires , 2010 .

[20]  F. Zhuge,et al.  Formation of quasi-aligned ZnCdO nanorods and nanoneedles , 2005 .

[21]  H. Koinuma,et al.  STRUCTURE AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF ZNO/MG0.2ZN0.8O SUPERLATTICES , 1999 .

[22]  V. Barone,et al.  Toward reliable density functional methods without adjustable parameters: The PBE0 model , 1999 .

[23]  P John Thomas,et al.  Optical properties of ZnO nanocrystals doped with Cd, Mg, Mn, and Fe ions. , 2006, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[24]  F. Zhuge,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of quasi-aligned ZnCdO nanorods , 2005 .

[25]  Gyu-Chul Yi,et al.  Metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxial growth and photoluminescent properties of Zn1−xMgxO(0⩽x⩽0.49) thin films , 2001 .

[26]  V. A. Tikhomirov,et al.  Anionic and cationic substitution in ZnO , 2009 .

[27]  L. Schmidt‐Mende,et al.  ZnO - nanostructures, defects, and devices , 2007 .

[28]  P. Galtier,et al.  Effect of chlorine doping on electrical and optical properties of ZnO thin films , 2008 .

[29]  Thierry Pauporté,et al.  Key Growth Parameters for the Electrodeposition of ZnO Films with an Intense UV-Light Emission at Room Temperature , 2009 .

[30]  B. Marí,et al.  Electrodeposited ZnCdO thin films as conducting optical layer for optoelectronic devices , 2010 .

[31]  Li-ping Zhu,et al.  Raman scattering and photoluminescence of quasi-aligned ternary ZnCdO nanorods , 2005 .

[32]  V. Ursaki,et al.  Epitaxial Electrodeposition of ZnO Nanowire Arrays on p-GaN for Efficient UV-Light-Emitting Diode Fabrication , 2010 .

[33]  L. Ono,et al.  Effects of annealing on properties of ZnO thin films prepared by electrochemical deposition in chloride medium , 2010 .

[34]  Kuei-Hsien Chen,et al.  Structural and optical properties of single crystal Zn1-xMgxO nanorods - Experimental and theoretical studies , 2007 .

[35]  D. Lincot,et al.  Temperature effects on ZnO electrodeposition , 2005 .

[36]  K. Ohshima,et al.  X-ray diffraction study of fine gold particles prepared by gas evaporation technique , 1981 .

[37]  M. Imaizumi,et al.  Incorporation of boron in ZnO film from an aqueous solution containing zinc nitrate and dimethylamine-borane by electrochemical reaction , 2002 .

[38]  Yicheng Lu,et al.  Integrated ZnO nanotips on GaN light emitting diodes for enhanced emission efficiency , 2007 .

[39]  L. Ley,et al.  The one phonon Raman spectrum in microcrystalline silicon , 1981 .

[40]  K. Rajeshwar,et al.  Cathodic electrodeposition in the ternary Zn–Cd–O system: mixed (ZnO)x(CdO)1−x film formation versus Cd-doping of ZnO films , 2006 .

[41]  Controllable synthesis of undoped/Cd-doped ZnO nanostructures , 2006 .

[42]  B. Viana,et al.  Low-Temperature Growth of ZnO Nanowire Arrays on p-Silicon (111) for Visible-Light-Emitting Diode Fabrication , 2010 .

[43]  D. Lincot,et al.  Oxygen reduction reaction on electrodeposited zinc oxide electrodes in KCl solution at 70 ◦ C , 2006 .

[44]  T. Pauporté,et al.  Well-Aligned ZnO Nanowire Arrays Prepared by Seed-Layer-Free Electrodeposition and Their Cassie−Wenzel Transition after Hydrophobization , 2010 .

[45]  Guang Zhu,et al.  Flexible high-output nanogenerator based on lateral ZnO nanowire array. , 2010, Nano letters.

[46]  J. Thong,et al.  Simple fabrication of a ZnO nanowire photodetector with a fast photoresponse time , 2006 .

[47]  H. Yasuda,et al.  Phase diagrams in nanometer-sized alloy systems , 2002 .

[48]  Ilaria Ciofini,et al.  Wavelength‐Emission Tuning of ZnO Nanowire‐Based Light‐Emitting Diodes by Cu Doping: Experimental and Computational Insights , 2011 .

[49]  Akira Ohtomo,et al.  Band gap engineering based on MgxZn1−xO and CdyZn1−yO ternary alloy films , 2001 .

[50]  B. Marí,et al.  Synthesis of ZnCdO thin films by electrodeposition , 2007 .

[51]  Shui-Tong Lee,et al.  Fabrication of large-scale ultra-fine Cd-doped ZnO nanowires , 2006 .