Temperature-Dependent Induction of Salicylic Acid and Its Conjugates during the Resistance Response to Tobacco Mosaic Virus Infection.

Increases in endogenous salicylic acid (SA) levels and induction of several families of pathogenesis-related genes (PR-1 through PR-5) occur during the resistance response of tobacco to tobacco mosaic virus infection. We found that at temperatures that prevent the induction of PR genes and resistance, the increases in SA levels were eliminated. The addition of exogenous SA to infected plants at these temperatures was sufficient to induce the PR genes but not the hypersensitive response. However, when the resistance response was restored by shifting infected plants to permissive temperatures, SA levels increased dramatically and preceded PR-1 gene expression and necrotic lesion formation associated with resistance. SA was also found in a conjugated form whose levels increased in parallel with the free SA levels. The majority of the conjugates appeared to be SA glucosides. The same glucoside was formed when plants were supplied with exogenous SA. These results provide further evidence that endogenous SA signals the induction of certain defense responses and suggests additional complexity in the modulation of this signal.

[1]  J. A. Ryals,et al.  Coordinate Gene Activity in Response to Agents That Induce Systemic Acquired Resistance. , 1991, The Plant cell.

[2]  D. Klessig,et al.  Identification of a soluble salicylic acid-binding protein that may function in signal transduction in the plant disease-resistance response. , 1991, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[3]  I. Raskin,et al.  Salicylic acid is a systemic signal and an inducer of pathogenesis-related proteins in virus-infected tobacco. , 1991, The Plant cell.

[4]  S. Southerton,et al.  Changes in phenolic acid levels in wheat leaves expressing resistance to Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici , 1990 .

[5]  D F Klessig,et al.  Salicylic Acid: A Likely Endogenous Signal in the Resistance Response of Tobacco to Viral Infection , 1990, Science.

[6]  H. Signer,et al.  Increase in Salicylic Acid at the Onset of Systemic Acquired Resistance in Cucumber , 1990, Science.

[7]  N. Yalpani,et al.  Characterization of an inducible UDP-glucose:salicylic acid O-glucosyltransferase from oat roots , 1990 .

[8]  D F Klessig,et al.  Disease response to tobacco mosaic virus in transgenic tobacco plants that constitutively express the pathogenesis-related PR1b gene. , 1989, Virology.

[9]  I. Raskin,et al.  Regulation of heat production in the inflorescences of an Arum lily by endogenous salicylic acid. , 1989, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[10]  R. Meuwissen,et al.  Constitutive expression of pathogenesis-related proteins PR-1, GRP, and PR-S in tobacco has no effect on virus infection. , 1989, The Plant cell.

[11]  D. Klessig,et al.  Isolation and nucleotide sequence of cDNA clones for the pathogenesis-related proteins PR1a, PR1b and PR1c of Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi nc induced by TMV infection. , 1988, Nucleic acids research.

[12]  U. Pfitzner,et al.  Pathogenesis-related proteins in plants , 1999 .

[13]  M. Legrand,et al.  Biological function of ‘pathogenesis‐related’ proteins: four PR proteins of tobacco have 1,3‐β‐glucanase activity , 1987, The EMBO journal.

[14]  M. Legrand,et al.  Biological function of pathogenesis-related proteins: Four tobacco pathogenesis-related proteins are chitinases. , 1987, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[15]  J. Antoniw,et al.  The chemical induction of PR (b) proteins and resistance to TMV infection in tobacco. , 1986, Antiviral research.

[16]  J O Berry,et al.  Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase gene expression in light- and dark-grown amaranth cotyledons. , 1985, Molecular and cellular biology.

[17]  Emma A. Weststeun.  Evidence for a necrosis-inducing factor in tobacco mosaic virus-infected Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi-nc grown at 22 °C but not at 32 °C , 1984 .

[18]  L. C. Loon,et al.  The relationship between stimulated ethylene production and symptom expression in virus-infected tobacco leaves , 1983 .

[19]  C. F. Cleland,et al.  Uptake and Metabolism of [C]Salicylic Acid in Lemna gibba G3. , 1982, Plant physiology.

[20]  E. A. Weststeijn.  Lesion growth and virus localization in leaves of Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi nc. after inoculation with tobacco mosaic virus and incubation alternately at 22°C and 32°C , 1981 .

[21]  R. F. White.  Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) induces resistance to tobacco mosaic virus in tobacco. , 1979, Virology.

[22]  P. A. Thompson.  Plant Phenolics , 1965, Nature.

[23]  J. Harborne.  Phenolic glycosides and their natural distributioa , 1964 .

[24]  B. Kassanis.  SOME EFFECTS OF HIGH TEMPERATURE ON THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF PLANTS TO INFECTION WITH VIRUSES , 1952 .