An energy budget agent-based model of earthworm populations and its application to study the effects of pesticides

Highlights • We model Eisenia fetida populations using an agent-based framework.• Individual energy budgets follow the basic principles of physiological ecology.• Methods are developed to show how chemicals achieve their physiological effects.• The model realistically captures sublethal effects under variable feeding conditions.• Energy budget ABMs have potential for refining chemical risk assessment.

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