Long-term survival of routine implantable cardioverter/defibrillator recipients appears to be significantly impaired with concomitant diuretics and improved with aldosterone antagonists.

Evidence-based treatment for heart failure (HF) comprises beta-blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and aldosterone receptor antagonists (ARA). Diuretics (DR) are prescribed in acute and chronic HF, but their impact on survival and ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VT/VF) is unclear. The present observational study aims to examine the influence of DR and ARA on survival and appropriate cardioverter/defibrillator (ICD) treatment episodes in routine ICD patients. In 352 consecutive ICD patients (291 men, 60 ± 12 years, LVEF 34 ± 15%, follow-up 37 ± 19 months) overall survival and the time to a first appropriate VT/VF episode were assessed. Electrograms were validated. Potassium and creatinine serum levels and the medical treatment regimen for heart failure were documented at baseline. Multivariate Cox regression analyses revealed significantly worse survival for patients with DR compared to those without DR (OR 0.24, CI 0.08-0.76, P= 0.016), whereas the group with ARA had better survival compared to patients without (OR 2.05, CI 1.02-4.10, P= 0.04). Patient groups did not differ regarding survival without incident VT/VF (DR+ vs. DR- OR 1.10, CI 0.67-1.83, P= 0.70; OR 0.66, CI 0.40-1.09, P= 0.10). Long-term survival appears to be compromised in ICD patients receiving concomitant DR, but is favorably influenced by ARA, although VT/VF incidence does not differ. Randomized analyses are warranted to assess long-term prognostic effects of DR in HF.