Address-event imagers for sensor networks: evaluation and modeling

Although imaging is an information-rich sensing modality, the use of cameras in sensor networks is very often prohibited by factors such as power, computation cost, storage, communication bandwidth and privacy. In this paper we consider information selective and privacy-preserving address-event imagers for sensor networks. Instead of providing full images with a high degree of redundancy, our efforts in the design of these imagers specialize on selecting a handful of features from a scene and outputting these features in address-event representation. In this paper we present our initial results in modeling and evaluating address-event sensors in the context of sensor networks. Using three different platforms that we have developed, we illustrate how to model address-event cameras and how to build an emulator using these models. We also present a lightweight classification scheme to illustrate the computational advantages of address-event sensors. The paper concludes with an evaluation of the classification algorithm and a feasibility study of using COTS components to emulate address-event inside a sensor network

[1]  Norman Abramson,et al.  The ALOHA System-Another Alternative for Computer Communications , 1899 .

[2]  L. McIlrath A low-power low-noise ultrawide-dynamic-range CMOS imager with pixel-parallel A/D conversion , 2001, IEEE J. Solid State Circuits.

[3]  Deborah Estrin,et al.  Cyclops, image sensing and interpretation in wireless networks , 2004, SenSys '04.

[4]  Eugenio Culurciello,et al.  A 16 /spl times/ 16 pixel silicon on sapphire CMOS photosensor array with a digital interface for adaptive wavefront correction , 2004, 2004 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37512).

[5]  Amine Bermak,et al.  A low power CMOS imager based on time-to-first-spike encoding and fair AER , 2005, 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems.

[6]  Eugenio Culurciello,et al.  ALOHA CMOS imager , 2004, 2004 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37512).

[7]  Misha Mahowald,et al.  A silicon model of early visual processing , 1993, Neural Networks.

[8]  Eugenio Culurciello,et al.  Second generation of high dynamic range, arbitrated digital imager , 2004, 2004 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37512).

[9]  Massimo Barbaro,et al.  A 100/spl times/100 pixel silicon retina for gradient extraction with steering filter capabilities and temporal output coding , 2002 .

[10]  Eugenio Culurciello,et al.  Event-based imaging with active illumination in sensor networks , 2005, 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems.

[11]  S. J. Thorpe,et al.  Reverse engineering of the visual system using networks of spiking neurons , 2000, 2000 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems. Emerging Technologies for the 21st Century. Proceedings (IEEE Cat No.00CH36353).

[12]  Eric A. Vittoz,et al.  A communication architecture tailored for analog VLSI artificial neural networks: intrinsic performance and limitations , 1994, IEEE Trans. Neural Networks.

[13]  D. Hubel Eye, brain, and vision , 1988 .

[14]  E. Culurciello,et al.  A biomorphic digital image sensor , 2003, IEEE J. Solid State Circuits.

[15]  Kwabena Boahen,et al.  Point-to-point connectivity between neuromorphic chips using address events , 2000 .

[16]  Eugenio Culurciello,et al.  A comparative study of access topologies for chip-level address-event communication channels , 2003, IEEE Trans. Neural Networks.

[17]  Eugenio Culurciello,et al.  16/spl times/16 pixel silicon on sapphire CMOS digital pixel photosensor array , 2004 .

[18]  Tobi Delbrück,et al.  Improved ON/OFF temporally differentiating address-event imager , 2004, Proceedings of the 2004 11th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems, 2004. ICECS 2004..

[19]  Bernabé Linares-Barranco,et al.  On synthetic AER generation , 2004, 2004 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37512).

[20]  Andreas Savvides,et al.  A sensory grammar for inferring behaviors in sensor networks , 2006, IPSN.

[21]  T.S. Lande,et al.  An analog approach to "neuromorphic" communication , 1996, 1996 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems. Circuits and Systems Connecting the World. ISCAS 96.

[22]  F. Heitger,et al.  A 100×100 pixel silicon retina for gradient extraction with steering filter capabilities and temporal output coding , 2002, IEEE J. Solid State Circuits.