Photonic Microwave Applications of the Dynamics of Semiconductor Lasers

In this paper, major photonic microwave generation and modulation methods are described. Their advantages and limitations are identified and compared through the analysis of the key characteristics relevant to practical photonic microwave applications. The focus of this paper is on the photonic microwave based on the nonlinear dynamics of optically injected semiconductor lasers. Both single-beam optically injected semiconductor lasers and dual-beam optically injected semiconductor lasers are considered. In particular, the three dynamic states of stable injection locking, period-one oscillation, and period-two oscillation are considered and demonstrated for photonic microwave generation, modulation, and conversion applications. Several prospects for future research and development in this area are discussed.

[1]  A.J. Seeds,et al.  Millimeter-wave modulated optical signal generation with high spectral purity and wide-locking bandwidth using a fiber-integrated optical injection phase-lock loop , 2000, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[2]  P. Shih,et al.  Optical Millimeter-Wave Signal Generation Using Frequency Quadrupling Technique and No Optical Filtering , 2008, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[3]  D. Lenstra,et al.  Relaxation-oscillation phenomena in an injection-locked semiconductor laser , 1996 .

[4]  Kwansoo Lee.  Radio over Fiber for Beyond 3G , 2005, 2005 International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics.

[5]  Shizhong Xie,et al.  Stable Dual-Wavelength DFB Fiber Laser With Separate Resonant Cavities and Its Application in Tunable Microwave Generation , 2006, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[6]  I. Bennion,et al.  Multiwavelength generation in an erbium-doped fiber laser using in-fiber comb filters , 1996, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[7]  Sheng-Kwang Hwang,et al.  Period-one oscillation for photonic microwave transmission using an optically injected semiconductor laser. , 2007, Optics express.

[8]  C. R. Lima,et al.  Optical generation of millimeter-wave signals for fiber-radio systems using a dual-mode DFB semiconductor laser , 1995 .

[9]  T. Simpson,et al.  Phase-locked microwave-frequency modulations in optically-injected laser diodes , 1999 .

[10]  X. Qi,et al.  Dynamics Scenarios of Dual-Beam Optically Injected Semiconductor Lasers , 2011, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics.

[11]  T. Simpson,et al.  Double-locked laser diode for microwave photonics applications , 1999, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[12]  J. Marti,et al.  Dual-Wavelength DFB Erbium-Doped Fiber Laser With Tunable Wavelength Spacing , 2010, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[13]  Richard Schatz,et al.  30 GHz direct modulation bandwidth in detuned loaded InGaAsP DBR lasers at 1.55 /spl mu/m wavelength , 1997 .

[14]  Jie Sun,et al.  Dual-wavelength DFB fiber laser based on a chirped structure and the equivalent phase shift method , 2006, SPIE/OSA/IEEE Asia Communications and Photonics.

[15]  Joseph S. Seregelyi,et al.  A discriminator-aided optical phase-lock loop constructed from commercial components , 2004, Photonics North.

[16]  M. O. Williams,et al.  Optical signal distribution for a satellite phased array , 1990 .

[17]  Tawee Tanbun-Ek,et al.  Packaged 1.55 mu m DFB laser with 25 GHz modulation bandwidth , 1994 .

[18]  Woo-Young Choi,et al.  A 30-GHz Self-Injection-Locked Oscillator Having a Long Optical Delay Line for Phase-Noise Reduction , 2007, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[20]  Nasser Peyghambarian,et al.  1 W tunable dual-wavelength emission from cascaded distributed feedback fiber lasers , 2008 .

[21]  Woo-Young Choi,et al.  Dispersion-tolerant transmission of 155-Mb/s data at 17 GHz using a 2.5-Gb/s-grade DFB laser with wavelength-selective gain from an FP laser diode , 2004, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[22]  A. Nirmalathas,et al.  Dispersion-tolerant multiple WDM channel millimeter-wave signal generation using a single monolithic mode-locked semiconductor laser , 2005, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[23]  Weimin Zhou,et al.  Injection-locked dual opto-electronic oscillator with ultra-low phase noise and ultra-low spurious level , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[24]  M. Hyodo,et al.  Optical generation of millimeter-wave signals up to 330 GHz by means of cascadingly phase locking three semiconductor lasers , 2003, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[25]  Sien Chi,et al.  Optical Millimeter-Wave Signal Generation Via Frequency 12-Tupling , 2010, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[26]  Fan-Yi Lin,et al.  Harmonic frequency locking in a semiconductor laser with delayed negative optoelectronic feedback , 2002 .

[27]  Yang En-ze,et al.  An Optical Domain Combined Dual-Loop Optoelectronic Oscillator , 2007, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[28]  U. Gliese,et al.  Packaged semiconductor laser optical phase-locked loop (OPLL) for photonic generation, processing and transmission of microwave signals , 1999 .

[29]  A. Seeds,et al.  Fast heterodyne optical phase-lock loop using double quantum well laser diodes , 1992 .

[30]  A. Matsko,et al.  Optical resonators with whispering-gallery modes-part I: basics , 2006, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics.

[31]  Guang-Qiong Xia,et al.  Optical generation of a precise microwave frequency comb by harmonic frequency locking. , 2007, Optics letters.

[32]  Sze-Chun Chan,et al.  Double-locked semiconductor laser for radio-over-fiber uplink transmission. , 2009, Optics letters.

[33]  T. Kuri,et al.  Full-duplex demonstration of single electroabsorption transceiver basestation for mm-wave fiber-radio systems , 2002, 2001 International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics. Technical Digest. MWP'01 (Cat. No.01EX476).

[34]  Zhaoyang Hu,et al.  40-GHz dual-mode-locked widely tunable sampled-grating DBR laser , 2005, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[35]  L. Maleki,et al.  Optoelectronic oscillator for photonic systems , 1996 .

[36]  Jianping Yao,et al.  Generation and distribution of a wide-band continuously tunable millimeter-wave signal with an optical external modulation technique , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[37]  A. Seeds,et al.  High-performance heterodyne optical injection phase-lock loop using wide linewidth semiconductor lasers , 1997, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[38]  Vassilios Kovanis,et al.  Period‐doubling route to chaos in a semiconductor laser subject to optical injection , 1994 .

[39]  J. O'Reilly,et al.  Optical generation of very narrow linewidth millimetre wave signals , 1992 .

[40]  T. B. Simpson,et al.  Four-wave mixing and optical modulation in a semiconductor laser , 1994 .

[41]  Jia-Ming Liu,et al.  Microwave frequency division and multiplication using an optically injected semiconductor laser , 2005, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics.

[42]  Shuo Tang,et al.  Chaotic pulsing and quasi-periodic route to chaos in a semiconductor laser with delayed opto-electronic feedback , 2001 .

[43]  U. Gliese,et al.  Multifunctional fiber-optic microwave links based on remote heterodyne detection , 1998 .

[44]  G. H. Smith,et al.  TECHNIQUE FOR OPTICAL SSB GENERATION TO OVERCOME DISPERSION PENALTIES IN FIBRE-RADIO SYSTEMS , 1997 .

[45]  G. Eisenstein,et al.  A Novel Multiloop Optoelectronic Oscillator , 2008, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[46]  L. Nguyen,et al.  Microwave Photonic Technique for Frequency Measurement of Simultaneous Signals , 2009, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[47]  Sheng-Kwang Hwang,et al.  Radio-over-fiber AM-to-FM upconversion using an optically injected semiconductor laser. , 2006, Optics letters.

[48]  J.M. Liu,et al.  Enhanced modulation bandwidth in injection-locked semiconductor lasers , 1997, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[50]  J. Bowers,et al.  Microwave and millimeter wave signal generation using mode-locked semiconductor lasers with intra-waveguide saturable absorbers , 1992, 1992 IEEE Microwave Symposium Digest MTT-S.

[51]  Sze-Chun Chan,et al.  Tunable narrow-linewidth photonic microwave generation using semiconductor laser dynamics , 2004 .

[52]  K. Tai,et al.  Nonlinear dynamics induced by external optical injection in semiconductor lasers , 1997 .

[53]  H.F. Chen,et al.  Modulation bandwidth, noise, and stability of a semiconductor laser subject to strong injection locking , 1997, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[54]  Bing Xiong,et al.  Low phase noise millimeter-wave generation by integrated dual wavelength laser diode , 2010, 2010 Conference on Optical Fiber Communication (OFC/NFOEC), collocated National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference.

[55]  Sheng-Kwang Hwang,et al.  Dynamical characteristics of an optically injected semiconductor laser , 2000 .

[56]  U. Gliese,et al.  A wideband heterodyne optical phase-locked loop for generation of 3-18 GHz microwave carriers , 1992, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[57]  M. Dagenais,et al.  Highly coherent RF signal generation by heterodyne optical phase locking of external cavity semiconductor lasers , 1998, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[58]  J. Nilsson,et al.  Robust dual-wavelength ring-laser based on two spectrally different erbium-doped fiber amplifiers , 1996, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[59]  G. Grosskopf,et al.  Low-phase-noise millimeter-wave generation at 64 GHz and data transmission using optical sideband injection locking , 1998, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[60]  P. Tasker,et al.  Control of differential gain, nonlinear gain and damping factor for high-speed application of GaAs-based MQW lasers , 1993 .

[61]  Mario Dagenais,et al.  Optical generation of a megahertz-linewidth microwave signal using semiconductor lasers and a discriminator-aided phase-locked loop , 1997 .

[62]  Jianping Yao,et al.  Discriminator-Aided Optical Phase-Lock Loop Incorporating a Frequency Down-Conversion Module , 2006, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[63]  A. Kaszubowska,et al.  Improved performance of a hybrid radio/fiber system using a directly modulated laser transmitter with external injection , 2002, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[64]  A. Gavrielides,et al.  Bandwidth enhancement and broadband noise reduction in injection-locked semiconductor lasers , 1995, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[65]  Jianping Yao,et al.  An Optically Tunable Optoelectronic Oscillator , 2010, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[66]  S. Ide,et al.  1.3- $\mu$m AlGaInAs Multiple-Quantum-Well Semi-insulating Buried-Heterostructure Distributed-Feedback Lasers for High-Speed Direct Modulation , 2009, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics.

[67]  Xueming Liu,et al.  A Novel Dual-Wavelength DFB Fiber Laser Based on Symmetrical FBG Structure , 2007, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[68]  K. Iwatsuki,et al.  Simultaneous oscillation of wavelength-tunable, singlemode lasers using an Er-doped fibre amplifier , 1992 .

[69]  U. Gliese,et al.  Optical phase locked loop (OPLL) module for use as a 9 GHz source in phased array communications antennas , 1998, International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics. Technical Digest (including High Speed Photonics Components Workshop) (Cat. No.98EX181).

[70]  Thomas Erneux,et al.  Subharmonic transition in an optically injected semiconductor laser: theory and experiments , 1997 .

[71]  L. Maleki,et al.  Multiloop optoelectronic oscillator , 2000, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics.

[72]  Chang-Hee Lee,et al.  Self-pulsing, Spectral Bistability, and Chaos in a Semiconductor Laser Diode with Optoelectronic Feedback , 1992 .

[73]  P. Shen,et al.  High-purity millimetre-wave photonic local oscillator generation and delivery , 2003, MWP 2003 Proceedings. International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics, 2003..

[74]  S.K. Hwang,et al.  35-GHz intrinsic bandwidth for direct modulation in 1.3-/spl mu/m semiconductor lasers subject to strong injection locking , 2004, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[75]  D.B. Hunter,et al.  A photonic technique for microwave frequency measurement , 2006, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[76]  A. Borghesani,et al.  480-Mbps, Bi-Directional, Ultra-Wideband Radio-Over-Fiber Transmission Using a 1308/1564-nm Reflective Electro-Absorption Transducer and Commercially Available VCSELs , 2009, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[77]  Alwyn J. Seeds,et al.  Generation and transmission of millimeter-wave data-modulated optical signals using an optical injection phase-lock loop , 2003 .

[78]  Michalis N. Zervas,et al.  Multiple wavelength all-fibre DFB lasers , 2000 .

[79]  Y. Wang,et al.  Modulation characteristics of the photonic up-conversion based on crossabsorption modulation in the MQW-EAM for 60-GHz applications , 2008, 2008 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium.

[80]  Sheng Kwang Hwang,et al.  Period-one oscillations in optically injected semiconductor lasers , 2004, SPIE OPTO.

[81]  Andrey B. Matsko,et al.  Stabilizing an optoelectronic microwave oscillator with photonic filters , 2003 .

[82]  A.J. Seeds,et al.  Generation of microwave signals by active mode locking in a gain bandwidth restricted laser structure , 1996, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[83]  Fan-Yi Lin,et al.  Nonlinear dynamical characteristics of an optically injected semiconductor laser subject to optoelectronic feedback , 2003 .

[85]  Microwave frequency generation using a dual-wavelength DBR fiber laser , 2006, ACOFT/AOS 2006 - Australian Conference on Optical Fibre Technology/Australian Optical Society.

[86]  Shilong Pan,et al.  Instantaneous photonic microwave frequency measurement with a maximized measurement range , 2009, 2009 International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics.

[87]  S. Pradhan,et al.  Dual-wavelength DBR fiber laser , 2006, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[88]  L. Maleki,et al.  Tunable, ultra-low phase noise YIG based opto-electronic oscillator , 2003, IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, 2003.

[89]  B Krauskopf,et al.  Unnested islands of period doublings in an injected semiconductor laser. , 2001, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[90]  Sze-Chun Chan,et al.  Optically Injected Semiconductor Laser for Photonic Microwave Frequency Mixing in Radio-Over-Fiber , 2010 .

[91]  Sze-Chun Chan,et al.  Frequency modulation on single sideband using controlled dynamics of an optically injected semiconductor laser , 2006, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics.

[92]  A. Matsko,et al.  Optical resonators with whispering-gallery modes-part II: applications , 2006, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics.

[93]  A. Lindberg,et al.  Periodic oscillation within the chaotic region in a semiconductor laser subjected to external optical injection. , 2001, Optics letters.

[94]  P. M. Lane,et al.  Fibre-supported optical generation and delivery of 60 GHz signals , 1994 .

[95]  Liang Xie,et al.  Fiber Dispersion and Nonlinearity Influences on Transmissions of AM and FM Data Modulation Signals in Radio-Over-Fiber System , 2010, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics.

[96]  Fan-Yi Lin,et al.  Diverse waveform generation using semiconductor lasers for radar and microwave applications , 2004 .

[97]  Sheng-Kwang Hwang,et al.  Effects of linewidth enhancement factor on period-one oscillations of optically injected semiconductor lasers , 2006 .

[98]  A.J. Seeds,et al.  High-performance homodyne optical injection phase-lock loop using wide-linewidth semiconductor lasers , 1996, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[99]  Sze-Chun Chan,et al.  Analysis of an Optically Injected Semiconductor Laser for Microwave Generation , 2010, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics.

[100]  Jianping Yao,et al.  Photonic generation of microwave signal using a rational harmonic mode-locked fiber ring laser , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[101]  Jia-Ming Liu,et al.  Novel photonic applications of nonlinear semiconductor laser dynamics , 2008 .

[103]  W. Rhodes,et al.  Continuous radio-frequency tuning of an optoelectronic oscillator with dispersive feedback. , 2002, Optics letters.