User's Guide and History of ANFO (Ammonium Nitrate/Fuel Oil) as a Nuclear Weapons Effect Simulation Explosive

Abstract : The history of the development and use of ANFO as a nuclear weapons blast, cratering, and ground shock simulation source, is traced from 1966 to 1976 when the first full scale target testing operation was conducted on DICE THROW with a 600-ton ANFO charge. The results of the development tests, of DICE THROW, and of subsequent tests with ANFO through PRE-DIRECT COURSE in 1982, are given and analyzed in terms of explosive charge performance. The results indicate that ANFO is a safe, economical and reliable explosive source for effects simulation purposes. The details presented serve as a guide for utilization of ANFO for future similar and more demanding simulation purposes.