The ocular motor system

Recent advances in ocular motor neurophysiology are reviewed with emphasis on brainstem control of horizontal saccadic and pursuit eye movements. Certain aspects of the control of vertical gaze and the role of the cerebellum and medial longitudinal fasciculus in normal and pathological states are also discussed. Current nomenclature and concepts are clarified so that they may be applied to the understanding of clinical ocular motor phenomenology.

[1]  W. Freeman PARALYSIS OF ASSOCIATED LATERAL MOVEMENTS OF THE EYES: A SYMPTOM OF INTRAPONTILE LESION , 1922 .

[2]  DIFFERENTIAL FEATURES OF CEREBELLAR AND VESTIBULAR PHENOMENA IN MACACUS RHESUS: PRELIMINARY REPORT BASED ON EXPERIMENTS ON THREE HUNDRED MONKEYS , 1938 .

[3]  M. B. Bender,et al.  EFFECTS OF STIMULATION AND LESION OF THE MEDIAN LONGITUDINAL FASCICULUS IN THE MONKEY , 1944 .

[4]  G WESTHEIMER,et al.  Smooth eye movements in the absence of a moving visual stimulus. , 1954, Journal of experimental psychology.

[5]  M. Carpenter,et al.  Lesions of the fastigial nuclei in the rhesus monkey. , 1959, The American journal of anatomy.

[6]  O. Pompeiano,et al.  Fastigioreticular fibers in the cat. An experimental study with silver methods , 1962, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[7]  A. Starr,et al.  A disorder of rapid eye movements in Huntington's chorea. , 1967, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[8]  W. Precht,et al.  Inhibition of abducens motoneurones by vestibular nerve stimulation. , 1968, Brain research.

[9]  D. Robinson Eye Movement Control in Primates , 1968 .

[10]  M. B. Bender,et al.  Electrooculographic syndrome in monkeys after pontine reticular formation lesions. , 1968, Archives of neurology.

[11]  B. Cohen,et al.  Relationship of electrical activity in pontine reticular formation and lateral geniculate body to rapid eye movements. , 1968, Journal of neurophysiology.

[12]  M. Steinbach,et al.  Eye tracking of self-moved targets: the role of efference. , 1969, Journal of experimental psychology.

[13]  A. Fuchs,et al.  Extraocular muscle afferents to the cerebellum of the cat , 1969, The Journal of physiology.

[14]  M. B. Bender,et al.  The pretectal syndrome in monkeys. I. Disturbances of gaze and body posture. , 1969, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[15]  R. G. Baker,et al.  Postsynaptic potentials in abducens motoneurons induced by vestibular stimulation. , 1969, Brain research.

[16]  D. Fender,et al.  The interplay of drifts and flicks in binocular fixation. , 1969, Vision research.

[17]  M. B. Bender,et al.  The pretectal syndrome in monkeys. II. Spontaneous and induced nystagmus, and "lightning" eye movements. , 1969, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[18]  D. Robinson Oculomotor unit behavior in the monkey. , 1970, Journal of neurophysiology.

[19]  N. Newman,et al.  Defective rapid eye movements in progressive supranuclear palsy. An ocular electromyographic study. , 1970, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[20]  A. Fuchs,et al.  Firing patterns of abducens neurons of alert monkeys in relationship to horizontal eye movement. , 1970, Journal of neurophysiology.

[21]  H. S. Metz,et al.  Ocular saccades in lateral rectus palsy. , 1970, Archives of ophthalmology.

[22]  R P Travis,et al.  Firing patterns of reticular formation neurons during horizontal eye movements. , 1971, Brain research.

[23]  R B Daroff,et al.  The metrics of horizontal saccadic eye movements in normal humans. , 1971, Vision research.

[24]  N. Wadia,et al.  A new form of heredo-familial spinocerebellar degeneration with slow eye movements (nine families). , 1971, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[25]  B. Cohen,et al.  Changes in saccadic eye movements produced by cerebellar cortical lesions. , 1971, Experimental neurology.

[26]  J W Wolfe,et al.  Relationship of cerebellar potentials to saccadic eye movements. , 1971, Brain research.

[27]  W. Hoyt,et al.  SUPRANUCLEAR DISORDERS OF OCULAR CONTROL SYSTEMS IN MAN: Clinical, Anatomical, and Physiological Correlations—1969 , 1971 .

[28]  B. L. Zuber,et al.  CONTROL OF VERGENCE EYE MOVEMENTS , 1971 .

[29]  P. D. Lewis,et al.  Progressive supranuclear palsy (the Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome). A report of 9 cases with particular reference to the mechanism of the oculomotor disorder. , 1971, Journal of the neurological sciences.

[30]  S. Heywood,et al.  Eye movements and the afterimage. I. Tracking the afterimage. , 1971, Vision research.

[31]  B. Cohen,et al.  VESTIBULO-OCULAR RELATIONS , 1971 .

[32]  M. Carpenter,et al.  Primary vestibulocerebellar fibers in the monkey: distribution of fibers arising from distinctive cell groups of the vestibular ganglia. , 1972, The American journal of anatomy.

[33]  B. Cohen,et al.  Eye movements induced by stimulation of the pontine reticular formation: evidence for integration in oculomotor pathways. , 1972, Experimental neurology.

[34]  R B Daroff,et al.  Corrective movements following refixation saccades: type and control system analysis. , 1972, Vision research.

[35]  D. Robinson,et al.  Abducens unit behavior in the monkey during vergence movements. , 1972, Vision research.

[36]  R. Llinás,et al.  Mossy and climbing fiber projections of extraocular muscle afferents to the cerebellum. , 1972, Brain research.

[37]  M J Steinbach,et al.  Release of pursuit eye movements using after-images. , 1972, Vision research.

[38]  G. Gauthier,et al.  EYE MOVEMENT RECORDINGS AS A DIAGNOSTIC TOOL IN A CASE OF CONGENITAL NYSTAGMUS* , 1972, American journal of optometry and archives of American Academy of Optometry.

[39]  J. L. Johnson,et al.  Glutamic acid as a synaptic transmitter in the nervous system. A review. , 1972, Brain research.

[40]  S. Heywood,et al.  Eye movements and the after-image. II. The effect of foveal and non-foveal after-images on saccadic behaviour. , 1972, Vision research.

[41]  B. Troost,et al.  Hemispheric control of eye movements. II. Quantitative analysis of smooth pursuit in a hemispherectomy patient. , 1972, Archives of neurology.

[42]  B. Cohen,et al.  Unit activity in the pontine reticular formation associated with eye movements , 1972 .

[43]  L. Dell’Osso FIXATION CHARACTERISTICS IN HEREDITARY CONGENITAL NYSTAGMUS* , 1973, American journal of optometry and archives of American Academy of Optometry.

[44]  A. A. Skavenski,et al.  Role of abducens neurons in vestibuloocular reflex. , 1973, Journal of neurophysiology.

[45]  M. B. Bender,et al.  The lesions producing paralysis of downward but not upward gaze. , 1973, Archives of neurology.

[46]  J. Simpson,et al.  Climbing fiber responses evoked in vestibulocerebellum of rabbit from visual system. , 1973, Journal of neurophysiology.

[47]  W. Precht,et al.  Short latency utricular and canal input to ipsilateral abducens motoneurons. , 1973, Brain research.

[48]  D. Robinson,et al.  Eye movements evoked by cerebellar stimulation in the alert monkey. , 1973, Journal of neurophysiology.

[49]  F. Miles,et al.  Single unit firing patterns in the vestibular nuclei related to voluntary eye movements and passive body rotation in conscious monkeys. , 1974, Brain research.

[50]  N. Christoff A clinicopathologic study of vertical eye movements. , 1974, Archives of neurology.

[51]  D. Robinson,et al.  Optokinetic asymmetry in internuclear ophthalmoplegia. , 1974, Archives of neurology.

[52]  S Takemori,et al.  Loss of visual suppression of vestibular nystagmus after flocculus lesions. , 1974, Brain research.

[53]  D A Robinson,et al.  The mechanism of downbeat nystagmus. , 1974, Archives of neurology.

[54]  D. Robinson,et al.  The effect of cerebellectomy on the cat's bestibulo-ocular integrator. , 1974, Brain research.

[55]  E. Keller Participation of medial pontine reticular formation in eye movement generation in monkey. , 1974, Journal of neurophysiology.

[56]  A. Graybiel,et al.  Some afferent connections of the oculomotor complex in the cat: an experimental study with tracer techniques. , 1974, Brain research.

[57]  J. N. Alpert,et al.  Failure of fixation suppression , 1974, Neurology.

[58]  T. Kirkham,et al.  Slow saccadic eye movements in Wilson's disease , 1974, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[59]  F A Miles,et al.  Visual tracking and the primate flocculus. , 1975, Science.

[60]  V Honrubia,et al.  Vestibulo‐ocular function in patients with cerebellar atrophy , 1975, Neurology.

[61]  V. J. Wilson,et al.  Input from neck afferents to the cat flocculus , 1975, Brain Research.

[62]  Lawrence Stark,et al.  Overlapping saccades and glissades are produced by fatigue in the saccadic eye movement system , 1975, Experimental Neurology.

[63]  P. Pasik,et al.  Experimental models of oculomotor dysfunction in the rhesus monkey. , 1975, Advances in neurology.

[64]  E. Keller,et al.  Oculomotor related interaction of vestibular and visual stimulation in vestibular nucleus cells in alert monkey , 1975, Experimental Neurology.

[65]  R. Baker,et al.  Physiological identification of interneurons and motoneurons in the abducens nucleus , 1975, Brain Research.

[66]  G. Jones,et al.  Extreme vestibulo‐ocular adaptation induced by prolonged optical reversal of vision , 1976, The Journal of physiology.

[67]  D G Cogan,et al.  Rapid eye movements in myasthenia gravis. II. Electro-oculographic analysis. , 1976, Archives of ophthalmology.

[68]  A. Fuchs,et al.  Responses of fibers in medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) of alert monkeys during horizontal and vertical conjugate eye movements evoked by vestibular or visual stimuli. , 1976, Journal of neurophysiology.

[69]  R. Grantyn,et al.  Synaptic actions of tectofugal pathways on abducens motoneurons in the cat , 1976, Brain Research.

[70]  G. Jones,et al.  Short‐term adaptive changes in the human vestibulo‐ocular reflex arc , 1976, The Journal of physiology.

[71]  D. Robinson,et al.  An explanation of eye movements seen in internuclear ophthalmoplegia. , 1976, Archives of neurology.

[72]  G. Melvill Jones,et al.  Adaptation of cat vestibulo-ocular reflex to 200 days of optically reversed vision , 1976, Brain Research.

[73]  L. Stark,et al.  Disorders in cerebellar ocular motor control. I. Saccadic overshoot dysmetria. An oculographic, control system and clinico-anatomical analysis. , 1976, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[74]  S. M. Highstein,et al.  Synaptic input from the pontine reticular nuclei to abducens motoneurons and internuclear neurons in the cat , 1976, Brain Research.

[75]  B. Cohen,et al.  Coding of information about rapid eye movements in the pontine reticular formation of alert monkeys , 1976, Brain Research.

[76]  J. Büttner-Ennever,et al.  An autoradiographic study of the pathways from the pontine reticular formation involved in horizontal eye movements , 1976, Brain Research.

[77]  L. Stark,et al.  Disorders in cerebellar ocular motor control. II. Macrosaccadic oscillation. An oculographic, control system and clinico-anatomical analysis. , 1976, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[78]  D G Cogan,et al.  Ocular motor abnormalities in hereditary cerebellar ataxia. , 1976, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[79]  A. Berthoz,et al.  Neuronal activity in the prepositus hypoglossi nucleus correlated with vertical and horizontal eye movement in the cat , 1976, Brain Research.

[80]  D G Cogan,et al.  Rapid eye movements in myasthenia gravis. I. Clinical observations. , 1976, Archives of ophthalmology.

[81]  H. S. Metz Saccadic velocity measurements in internuclear ophthalmoplegia. , 1976, American journal of ophthalmology.

[82]  D. Robinson Adaptive gain control of vestibuloocular reflex by the cerebellum. , 1976, Journal of neurophysiology.

[83]  B. Troost,et al.  The ocular motor defects in progressive supranuclear palsy , 1977, Annals of neurology.

[84]  D. Zee,et al.  Abnormal saccades in paralytic strabismus. , 1977, American journal of ophthalmology.

[85]  David Samuel Zee,et al.  Disorders of Eye-Head Coordination , 1977 .

[86]  A M Graybiel,et al.  Direct and indirect preoculomotor pathways of the brainstem: An autoradiographic study of the pontine reticular formation in the cat , 1977, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[87]  R. Baker The Nucleus Prepositus Hypoglossi , 1977 .

[88]  R. Baloh,et al.  Primary position upbeat nystagmus , 1977, Neurology.

[89]  M. Gresty,et al.  Coordination of the head and eyes in pursuit of predictable and random target motion. , 1977, Aviation, space, and environmental medicine.

[90]  A. Rosenbaum,et al.  Vertical saccadic velocity determination in superior oblique palsy. , 1977, Archives of ophthalmology.

[91]  R. Baker,et al.  Excitatory termination of abducens internuclear neurons on medial rectus motoneurons: relationship to syndrome of internuclear ophthalmoplegia. , 1978, Journal of neurophysiology.

[92]  J. Sharpe,et al.  Destruction of the internal sagittal stratum and normal smooth pursuit , 1978, Annals of neurology.

[93]  J. Hallinan,et al.  Failure of downward gaze: the site and nature of the lesion. , 1978, Archives of neurology.

[94]  D. Robinson,et al.  Oculomotor signals in medial longitudinal fasciculus of the monkey. , 1978, Journal of neurophysiology.

[95]  R. Yee,et al.  Internuclear ophthalmoplegia. II. Pursuit, optokinetic nystagmus, and vestibulo-ocular reflex. , 1978, Archives of neurology.

[96]  L. Dell’Osso,et al.  Horizontal pursuit defect nystagmus , 1979, Annals of neurology.

[97]  A T Bahill,et al.  Types of saccadic eye movements , 1979, Neurology.

[98]  A. Fuchs,et al.  Reticular control of vertical saccadic eye movements by mesencephalic burst neurons. , 1979, Journal of neurophysiology.

[99]  G M Halmagyi,et al.  Clinical signs of visual-vestibular interaction. , 1979, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[100]  L. Dell’Osso,et al.  Myasthenia gravis: Saccadic eye movement waveforms , 1980, Experimental Neurology.