RF Lens-Embedded Massive MIMO Systems: Fabrication Issues and Codebook Design

In this paper, we investigate a radio frequency (RF) lens-embedded massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system and evaluate the system performance of limited feedback by utilizing a technique for generating a suitable codebook for the system. We fabricate an RF lens that operates on a 77-GHz (millimeter-wave) band. Experimental results show a proper value of amplitude gain and an appropriate focusing property. In addition, using a simple numerical technique-beam propagation method-we estimate the power profile of the RF lens and verify its accordance with experimental results. We also design a codebook-multivariance codebook quantization-for limited feedback by considering the characteristics of the RF lens antenna for massive MIMO systems. Numerical results confirm that the proposed system shows significant performance enhancement over a conventional massive MIMO system without an RF lens.

[1]  Pui Yi Lau,et al.  Electromagnetic Field Distribution of Lens Antennas , 2013 .

[2]  Thomas L. Marzetta,et al.  Noncooperative Cellular Wireless with Unlimited Numbers of Base Station Antennas , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[3]  Sean A. Ramprashad,et al.  Achieving "Massive MIMO" Spectral Efficiency with a Not-so-Large Number of Antennas , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[4]  Jeffrey G. Andrews,et al.  Performance of Orthogonal Beamforming for SDMA With Limited Feedback , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[5]  David James Love,et al.  Noncoherent Trellis Coded Quantization: A Practical Limited Feedback Technique for Massive MIMO Systems , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Communications.

[6]  Robert W. Heath,et al.  Simplified Spatial Correlation Models for Clustered MIMO Channels With Different Array Configurations , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[7]  Thomas L. Marzetta,et al.  Performance of Conjugate and Zero-Forcing Beamforming in Large-Scale Antenna Systems , 2013, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[8]  Theodore S. Rappaport,et al.  Overview of spatial channel models for antenna array communication systems , 1998, IEEE Wirel. Commun..

[9]  Robert W. Heath,et al.  Five disruptive technology directions for 5G , 2013, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[10]  Giuseppe Caire,et al.  Joint spatial division and multiplexing: Realizing massive MIMO gains with limited channel state information , 2012, 2012 46th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems (CISS).

[11]  Stanislav Zvanovec,et al.  Elliptic and Hyperbolic Dielectric Lens Antennas in mm-Waves , 2011 .

[12]  Chan-Byoung Chae,et al.  Compressed channel feedback for correlated massive MIMO systems , 2014, 2014 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps).

[13]  Robert W. Heath,et al.  Interference Aware-Coordinated Beamforming in a Multi-Cell System , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[14]  C. Nightingale,et al.  Gaussian beamwaist and radiation pattern measurements of a quasi-optical radiometer , 1989 .

[15]  Robin J. Evans,et al.  Single-chip millimeter wave radar , 2015 .

[16]  Amir Mortazawi,et al.  Quasi-optical transmit/receive front ends , 1998 .

[17]  Zhi Ning Chen,et al.  Electromagnetic Lens-Focusing Antenna Enabled Massive MIMO: Performance Improvement and Cost Reduction , 2013, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[18]  Robert W. Heath,et al.  Coordinated Beamforming for the Multiuser MIMO Broadcast Channel With Limited Feedforward , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing.

[19]  Bjorn Ottersten,et al.  Handbook of Antennas in Wireless Communications , 2018 .

[20]  David James Love,et al.  Downlink Training Techniques for FDD Massive MIMO Systems: Open-Loop and Closed-Loop Training With Memory , 2013, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing.

[21]  Z.B. Popovic,et al.  A bi-directional quasi-optical lens amplifier , 1997, 1997 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest.

[22]  Robert W. Heath,et al.  Geodesic prediction for limited feedback multiuser MIMO systems in temporally correlated channels , 2009, 2009 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium.

[23]  Erik G. Larsson,et al.  Energy and Spectral Efficiency of Very Large Multiuser MIMO Systems , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Communications.

[24]  Robert W. Heath,et al.  Grassmannian beamforming for multiple-input multiple-output wireless systems , 2003, IEEE International Conference on Communications, 2003. ICC '03..

[25]  Chan-Byoung Chae,et al.  Limited channel feedback for RF lens antenna based massive MIMO systems , 2015, 2015 International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications (ICNC).

[26]  Nihar Jindal,et al.  MIMO broadcast channels with finite rate feedback , 2006, GLOBECOM '05. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, 2005..

[27]  Giuseppe Caire,et al.  Achievable Rates of FDD Massive MIMO Systems With Spatial Channel Correlation , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[28]  M. Afsar,et al.  Millimeter-wave dielectric measurement of materials , 1985, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[29]  Robert W. Heath,et al.  Shifting the MIMO Paradigm , 2007, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine.

[30]  Robert W. Heath,et al.  On the Optimality of Linear Multiuser MIMO Beamforming for a Two-User Two-Input Multiple-Output Broadcast System , 2009, IEEE Signal Processing Letters.

[31]  Andrea J. Goldsmith,et al.  Capacity limits of MIMO channels , 2003, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[32]  Robert W. Heath,et al.  An overview of limited feedback in wireless communication systems , 2008, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[33]  Rui Zhang,et al.  Millimeter Wave MIMO With Lens Antenna Array: A New Path Division Multiplexing Paradigm , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Communications.

[34]  Jeffrey G. Andrews,et al.  What Will 5G Be? , 2014, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[35]  Akbar M. Sayeed,et al.  Continuous aperture phased MIMO: A new architecture for optimum line-of-sight links , 2011, 2011 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (APSURSI).

[36]  Kai Chang,et al.  Handbook of microwave and optical components , 1989 .

[37]  Dong Ku Kim,et al.  Smart Small Cell with Hybrid Beamforming for 5G: Theoretical Feasibility and Prototype Results , 2015, IEEE Wireless Communications.

[38]  Giuseppe Caire,et al.  Performance Analysis of Massive MIMO for Cell-Boundary Users , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[39]  R. Hansen,et al.  Focal region characteristics of focused array antennas , 1985 .

[40]  Martin Haardt,et al.  Zero-forcing methods for downlink spatial multiplexing in multiuser MIMO channels , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing.

[41]  R. Valenzuela,et al.  Measured and predicted correlation between local average power and small scale fading in indoor wireless communication channels , 1998, VTC '98. 48th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference. Pathway to Global Wireless Revolution (Cat. No.98CH36151).

[42]  J. Goodman.  Introduction to Fourier optics , 1969 .

[43]  Sean Victor Hum,et al.  A Planar Reconfigurable Aperture With Lens and Reflectarray Modes of Operation , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[44]  Erik G. Larsson,et al.  Scaling Up MIMO: Opportunities and Challenges with Very Large Arrays , 2012, IEEE Signal Process. Mag..

[45]  Robert W. Heath,et al.  Coordinated beamforming with limited feedback in the MIMO broadcast channel , 2008, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[46]  Paul Lagasse,et al.  Beam-propagation method: analysis and assessment , 1981 .

[47]  Akbar M. Sayeed,et al.  Beamspace MIMO for Millimeter-Wave Communications: System Architecture, Modeling, Analysis, and Measurements , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[48]  Thomas L. Marzetta,et al.  Pilot Contamination and Precoding in Multi-Cell TDD Systems , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.