Automatic Vacant Parking Places Management System Using Multicamera Vehicle Detection

This paper presents a multicamera system for vehicles detection and their corresponding mapping into the parking spots of a parking lot. Approaches from the state-of-the-art system, which work properly in controlled scenarios, have been validated using small amount of sequences and without more challenging realistic conditions (illumination changes and different weather conditions). On the other hand, most of them are not complete systems, but provide only parts of them, usually detectors. The proposed system has been designed for realistic scenarios considering different cases of occlusion, illumination changes, and different climatic conditions; a real scenario (the International Pittsburgh Airport parking lot) has been targeted with the condition that existing parking security cameras can be used, avoiding the deployment of new cameras or other sensors infrastructures. For design and validation, a new multicamera data set has been recorded. The system is based on existing object detectors (the results of two of them are shown) and different proposed postprocessing stages. The results clearly show that the proposed system works correctly in challenging scenarios including almost total occlusions, illumination changes, and different weather conditions.

[1]  Bernt Schiele,et al.  Pedestrian detection in crowded scenes , 2005, 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05).

[2]  Bernt Schiele,et al.  Robust Object Detection with Interleaved Categorization and Segmentation , 2008, International Journal of Computer Vision.

[3]  Trevor Darrell,et al.  Rich Feature Hierarchies for Accurate Object Detection and Semantic Segmentation , 2013, 2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[4]  Allen R. Hanson,et al.  Parking lot analysis and visualization from aerial images , 1998, Proceedings Fourth IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision. WACV'98 (Cat. No.98EX201).

[5]  David A. McAllester,et al.  Object Detection with Discriminatively Trained Part Based Models , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[6]  Bernhard P. Wrobel,et al.  Multiple View Geometry in Computer Vision , 2001 .

[7]  Qingxiang Wu,et al.  Vehicle Detection in Open Parks Using a Convolutional Neural Network , 2015, 2015 Sixth International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Engineering Applications (ISDEA).

[8]  Sheng-Jyh Wang,et al.  Vacant Parking Space Detection Based on Plane-Based Bayesian Hierarchical Framework , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology.

[9]  Ibrahim Al-Bahadly,et al.  Intelligent Parking Management System Based on Image Processing , 2014 .

[10]  Tomás Fabián.  An Algorithm for Parking Lot Occupation Detection , 2008, 2008 7th Computer Information Systems and Industrial Management Applications.

[11]  Tsuhan Chen,et al.  A Bayesian hierarchical detection framework for parking space detection , 2008, 2008 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing.

[12]  Yi-Ren Chen,et al.  A multiclass boosting approach for integrating weak classifiers in parking space detection , 2015, 2015 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics - Taiwan.

[13]  Andrew Zisserman,et al.  Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognition , 2014, ICLR.

[14]  Keiichi Yamada,et al.  A vehicle parking detection method using image segmentation , 2001 .

[15]  Nikolaos Mavridis,et al.  Cost-Effective Single-Camera Multi-Car Parking Monitoring and Vacancy Detection towards Real-World Parking Statistics and Real-Time Reporting , 2012, ICONIP.

[16]  Stefan Roth,et al.  People-tracking-by-detection and people-detection-by-tracking , 2008, 2008 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[17]  Adel M. Alimi,et al.  Vision based system for Vacant Parking Lot Detection: VPLD , 2015, 2014 International Conference on Computer Vision Theory and Applications (VISAPP).

[18]  Nicholas True.  Vacant Parking Space Detection in Static , 2007 .

[19]  Markus König,et al.  Scalable real-time parking lot classification: An evaluation of image features and supervised learning algorithms , 2015, 2015 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN).

[20]  Bill Triggs,et al.  Histograms of oriented gradients for human detection , 2005, 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05).

[21]  Luc Van Gool,et al.  Speeded-Up Robust Features (SURF) , 2008, Comput. Vis. Image Underst..

[22]  Sheng-Jyh Wang,et al.  A surface-based vacant space detection for an intelligent parking lot , 2012, 2012 12th International Conference on ITS Telecommunications.

[23]  R.J. Lopez Sastre,et al.  Computer Algebra Algorithms Applied to Computer Vision in a Parking Management System , 2007, 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics.

[24]  Qi Wu,et al.  Robust Parking Space Detection Considering Inter-Space Correlation , 2007, 2007 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo.

[25]  Jun-Wei Hsieh,et al.  Vision-Based Vehicle Surveillance and Parking Lot Management Using Multiple Cameras , 2010, 2010 Sixth International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing.

[26]  Chin-Chuan Han,et al.  An automatic monitoring approach for unsupervised parking lots in outdoors , 2005, Proceedings 39th Annual 2005 International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology.

[27]  Hamada R. H. Al-Absi,et al.  Vision-based automated parking system , 2010, 10th International Conference on Information Science, Signal Processing and their Applications (ISSPA 2010).

[28]  Sheng-Jyh Wang,et al.  A Hierarchical Bayesian Generation Framework for Vacant Parking Space Detection , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology.

[29]  K. C. Ting,et al.  Integrated Approach in the Design of Car Park Occupancy Information System (COINS) , 2008 .

[30]  Sheng-Fuu Lin,et al.  A Vision-Based Parking Lot Management System , 2006, 2006 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics.

[31]  Bernt Schiele,et al.  Multi-cue onboard pedestrian detection , 2009, CVPR.

[32]  Kaiming He,et al.  Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networks , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[33]  Ross B. Girshick,et al.  Fast R-CNN , 2015, 1504.08083.

[34]  Ching-Chun Huang,et al.  A multi-layer discriminative framework for parking space detection , 2015, 2015 IEEE 25th International Workshop on Machine Learning for Signal Processing (MLSP).

[35]  Mohamed A. Deriche,et al.  A multi-classifier image based vacant parking detection system , 2013, 2013 IEEE 20th International Conference on Electronics, Circuits, and Systems (ICECS).

[36]  Pietro Perona,et al.  Fast Feature Pyramids for Object Detection , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.