Measuring Task Conflict and Person Conflict in Software Testing

Task-related conflict and person-related conflict in software testing are inevitable and can impact the effectiveness and efficiency of the software development process. The dimensionality of conflict in software testing is reasonably well understood, although in past research both types of conflict have frequently been modeled as reflective constructs that can obstruct the effectiveness of their use as organizational assessment and training tools. One contribution of this study is an empirical model of conflict sources in software engineering; such sources of conflict threaten to derail efficient software development outcomes in firms. A second contribution of this research is the development of a formative measurement model for purposes of development of assessing task conflict and person conflict in software teams. These validated measures can be utilized as training and development instruments for on-the-job remediation of development team conflict. As is indicated in the organizational behavior and software engineering literature, deploying valid measures of workplace stressors such as conflict can lead to the managerial application of effective strategies and tactics to improve workplace morale and satisfaction, to the great benefit of productivity and retention.

[1]  Wynne W. Chin,et al.  Handbook of Partial Least Squares , 2010 .

[2]  Ho-Won Jung,et al.  An empirical evaluation of ISO/IEC 15504-5 capability measures: Reflective or formative , 2017, Comput. Stand. Interfaces.

[3]  T. S. Ragu-Nathan,et al.  The Q-Sort Method: Assessing Reliability And Construct Validity Of Questionnaire Items At A Pre-Testing Stage , 2002 .

[4]  Victor D. Wall,et al.  Perceptions of Inequity, Satisfaction, and Conflict in Task-Oriented Groups , 1986 .

[5]  Morton Deutsch,et al.  Conflicts: Productive and Destructive* , 1969 .

[6]  H. Barki,et al.  CONCEPTUALIZING THE CONSTRUCT OF INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT , 2004 .

[7]  H. Klein,et al.  Information systems development as social action: Theoretical perspective and practice , 1991 .

[8]  Kenneth A. Bollen,et al.  Evaluating Effect, Composite, and Causal Indicators in Structural Equation Models , 2011, MIS Q..

[9]  P. Stenner,et al.  Doing Q methodology: theory, method and interpretation , 2005 .

[10]  Thomas F. Stafford Conscious and Unconscious Processing of Priming Cues in Selling Encounters , 2013 .

[11]  Jörg Henseler,et al.  Handbook of Partial Least Squares: Concepts, Methods and Applications , 2010 .

[12]  Henri Barki,et al.  Interpersonal Conflict and Its Management in Information System Development , 2001, MIS Q..

[13]  Robin L. Pinkley,et al.  Dimensions of conflict frame: Disputant interpretations of conflict. , 1990 .

[14]  Cynthia K. Riemenschneider,et al.  The Impact of Emotional Labor and Conflict-Management Style on Work Exhaustion of Information Technology Professionals , 2015, Commun. Assoc. Inf. Syst..

[15]  Bonnie A. Nardi,et al.  Activity Theory and Its Use Within Human-Computer Interaction , 1998 .

[16]  Richard D. Johnson,et al.  The Evolving Nature of the Computer Self-Efficacy Construct: An Empirical Investigation of Measurement Construction, Validity, Reliability and Stability Over Time , 2007, J. Assoc. Inf. Syst..

[17]  Adamantios Diamantopoulos,et al.  Advancing formative measurement models , 2008 .

[18]  Kenneth H. Price,et al.  Process and Outcome Expectations for the Dialectical Inquiry, Devil's Advocacy, and Consensus Techniques of Strategic Decision Making , 1991 .

[19]  D. Funder,et al.  The Riverside Behavioral Q-sort: a tool for the description of social behavior. , 2000, Journal of Personality.

[20]  George M. Marakas,et al.  Revisiting Bias Due to Construct Misspecification: Different Results from Considering Coefficients in Standardized Form , 2012, MIS Q..

[21]  Detmar W. Straub,et al.  Specifying Formative Constructs in Information Systems Research , 2007, MIS Q..

[22]  T. A. Wright,et al.  Emotional exhaustion as a predictor of job performance and voluntary turnover. , 1998, The Journal of applied psychology.

[23]  Susan T. Fiske,et al.  Category-based versus piecemeal-based affective responses: Developments in schema-triggered affect. , 1986 .

[24]  K. Jehn A Multimethod Examination of the Benefits and Detriments of Intragroup Conflict , 1995 .

[25]  C. D. De Dreu,et al.  Task versus relationship conflict, team performance, and team member satisfaction: a meta-analysis. , 2003, The Journal of applied psychology.

[26]  Detmar W. Straub,et al.  Validation Guidelines for IS Positivist Research , 2004, Commun. Assoc. Inf. Syst..

[27]  Detmar W. Straub,et al.  Diffusing the Internet in the Arab world: the role of social norms and technological culturation , 2003, IEEE Trans. Engineering Management.

[28]  O. John,et al.  On the nature of self-monitoring: construct explication with Q-sort ratings. , 1996, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[29]  R. Hogan,et al.  Explorations in behavioral consistency: properties of persons, situations, and behaviors. , 1991, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[30]  Alexa A. Perryman,et al.  Effects of selection and training on unit-level performance over time: a latent growth modeling approach. , 2009, The Journal of applied psychology.

[31]  Judy A. Siguaw,et al.  Formative versus Reflective Indicators in Organizational Measure Development: A Comparison and Empirical Illustration , 2006 .

[32]  D. Fields Taking the Measure of Work: A Guide to Validated Scales for Organizational Research and Diagnosis , 2002 .

[33]  Marcus Ciolkowski,et al.  Formative Evaluation of a Tool for Managing Software Quality , 2017, 2017 ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement (ESEM).

[34]  T. Bonoma,et al.  Managing Organizational Conflict: A Model for Diagnosis and Intervention , 1979 .

[35]  Sandra M. Richardson,et al.  A Publication of the Association of Management UNDERSTANDING ANTECEDENTS OF INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT IN INFORMATION SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT : A CRITICAL ANALYSIS , 2012 .

[36]  Ping Zhang,et al.  Publication of the Association of Management SOCIAL MEDIA USAGE AS A FORMATIVE CONSTRUCT : CONCEPTUALIZATION , VALIDATION AND IMPLICATION , 2017 .

[37]  I Aguirre-UrretaMiguel,et al.  Revisiting bias due to construct misspecification , 2012 .

[38]  Harold Guetzkow,et al.  An Analysis of Conflict in Decision-Making Groups , 1954 .

[39]  Wynne W. Chin,et al.  Generating Non-normal Data for Simulation of Structural Equation Models Using Mattson's Method , 2002 .

[40]  Karen A. Jehn,et al.  The effects of conflict asymmetry on mediation outcomes: Satisfaction, work motivation and absenteeism , 2006 .

[41]  Monica J. Garfield,et al.  Managing conflict in software testing , 2004, CACM.

[42]  Y. Fried,et al.  Job design research and theory: Past, present and future , 2016 .

[43]  Roland Castellanos A Qualitative Analysis of Conflict Types and Dimensions in Organizational Groups , 2007 .

[44]  Steve Sawyer,et al.  Software Development: Processes and Performance , 1998, IBM Syst. J..

[45]  P. Raskin Procedures in Research on Identity Status: Some Notes on Method , 1984 .

[46]  Charles D. Johnson,et al.  Predicting job performance of low income workers: The Work Opinion Questionnaire. , 1984 .

[47]  Tom L. Roberts,et al.  Multiple Indicators and Multiple Causes (MIMIC) Models as a Mixed-Modelling Technique: A Tutorial and an Annotated Example , 2014, Commun. Assoc. Inf. Syst..

[48]  Ephraim R. McLean,et al.  Information Systems Success: The Quest for the Dependent Variable , 1992, Inf. Syst. Res..

[49]  Joseph G. Davis,et al.  Activity theory as a theoretical foundation for information systems research , 2000, IRMA Conference.

[50]  Thomas F. Stafford,et al.  Sources of conflict between developers and testers in software development , 2014, Inf. Manag..

[51]  Shawn Bauldry,et al.  Three Cs in measurement models: causal indicators, composite indicators, and covariates. , 2011, Psychological methods.

[52]  H. Winklhofer,et al.  Index Construction with Formative Indicators: An Alternative to Scale Development , 2001 .

[53]  Thomas F. Stafford,et al.  The Impact of Conflict Judgments between Developers and Testers in Software Development , 2013, J. Database Manag..

[54]  K. Jehn A qualitative analysis of conflict types and dimensions in , 1997 .

[55]  Thomas Hess,et al.  An Empirical Study of Volunteer Members' Perceived Turnover in Open Source Software Projects , 2012, 2012 45th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

[56]  Marc Pallot,et al.  Validating a User eXperience Model through a Formative Approach: an Empirical Study , 2019, 2019 IEEE International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Innovation (ICE/ITMC).

[57]  K. Berry,et al.  Staff perceptions of borderline personality disorder and recovery: A Q‐sort method approach , 2018, The British journal of clinical psychology.

[58]  Cheryl Burke Jarvis,et al.  A Critical Review of Construct Indicators and Measurement Model Misspecification in Marketing and Consumer Research , 2003 .

[59]  Wynne W. Chin,et al.  A critical look at partial least squares modeling , 2009 .

[60]  Dawei Wang,et al.  A CPLS-based customer satisfaction model , 2013, 2013 10th International Conference on Service Systems and Service Management.

[61]  Michel Tenenhaus,et al.  State-of-art on PLS Path Modeling through the available software , 2002 .

[62]  Jerome A. Katz,et al.  RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF IN‐BASKET PERFORMANCE MEASURES , 1990 .

[63]  Paul M. Muchinsky,et al.  Employee Turnover: An Empirical and Methodological Assessment. , 1979 .

[64]  R. Sherman,et al.  A methodological note on ordered Q-Sort ratings , 2013 .

[65]  J. Malouff,et al.  Problem-solving training to help workers increase positive affect, job satisfaction, and life satisfaction , 2007 .

[66]  Ananth Srinivasan,et al.  An empirical investigation of the factors affecting agile usage , 2014, EASE '14.

[67]  E. Mannix,et al.  The Dynamic Nature of Conflict: A Longitudinal Study of Intragroup Conflict and Group Performance. , 2001 .

[68]  RaiArun,et al.  Specifying formative constructs in information systems research , 2007 .

[69]  Onne Janssen,et al.  How Task and Person Conflict Shape the Role of Positive Interdependence in Management Teams , 1999 .

[70]  A BollenKenneth Evaluating effect, composite, and causal indicators in structural equation models , 2011 .

[71]  R. Lennox,et al.  Conventional wisdom on measurement: A structural equation perspective. , 1991 .

[72]  Detmar W. Straub,et al.  Validation in Information Systems Research: A State-of-the-Art Assessment , 2001, MIS Q..

[73]  Daniel Robey,et al.  Traditional, iterative, and component-based development: A social analysis of software development paradigms , 2001, Inf. Technol. Manag..

[74]  T. Marteau,et al.  The Place of Inter-Rater Reliability in Qualitative Research: An Empirical Study , 1997 .