An Automatic Instrument to Study the Spatial Scaling Behavior of Emissivity

In this paper, the design of an automatic instrument for measuring the spatial distribution of land surface emissivity is presented, which makes the direct in situ measurement of the spatial distribution of emissivity possible. The significance of this new instrument lies in two aspects. One is that it helps to investigate the spatial scaling behavior of emissivity and temperature; the other is that, the design of the instrument provides theoretical and practical foundations for the implement of measuring distribution of surface emissivity on airborne or spaceborne. To improve the accuracy of the measurements, the emissivity measurement and its uncertainty are examined in a series of carefully designed experiments. The impact of the variation of target temperature and the environmental irradiance on the measurement of emissivity is analyzed as well. In addition, the ideal temperature difference between hot environment and cool environment is obtained based on numerical simulations. Finally, the scaling behavior of surface emissivity caused by the heterogeneity of target is discussed.

[1]  Zhilin Zhu,et al.  Thermal model for discrete vegetation and its solution on pixel scale using computer graphics , 2000 .

[2]  Shuichi Rokugawa,et al.  A temperature and emissivity separation algorithm for Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) images , 1998, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[3]  Zhang Renhua,et al.  A proposed approach to determine the infrared emissivities of terrestrial surfaces from airborne or spaceborne platforms , 1988 .

[4]  Ivan Pippi,et al.  Temperature and emissivity retrieval from remotely sensed images using the "Grey body emissivity" method , 1996, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[5]  Z. Wan,et al.  Evaluation of Six Methods for Extracting Relative Emissivity Spectra from Thermal Infrared Images , 1999 .

[6]  F. Nerry,et al.  Scattering of a CO(2) laser beam at 10.6 microm by bare soils: experimental study of the polarized bidirectional scattering coefficient; model and comparison with directional emissivity measurements. , 1991, Applied optics.

[7]  A. Karnieli,et al.  Derivation of split window algorithm and its sensitivity analysis for retrieving land surface temperature from NOAA-advanced very high resolution radiometer data , 2001 .

[8]  J. Labed,et al.  Emissivity signatures in the thermal IR band for remote sensing:calibration procedure and method of measurement. , 1988, Applied optics.

[9]  Alan H. Strahler,et al.  A conceptual model for effective directional emissivity from nonisothermal surfaces , 1999, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[10]  Matthew F. McCabe,et al.  Evaluation of Remotely Sensed Evapotranspiration Over the CEOP EOP-1 Reference Sites , 2007 .

[11]  Nathaniel A. Brunsell,et al.  Length Scale Analysis of Surface Energy Fluxes Derived from Remote Sensing , 2003 .

[12]  Hongbo Su,et al.  Determination of the effective emissivity for the regular and irregular cavities using Monte-Carlo method , 2000 .

[13]  M. S. Moran,et al.  The scaling characteristics of remotely-sensed variables for sparsely-vegetated heterogeneous landscapes , 1997 .

[14]  Matthew F. McCabe,et al.  Modeling Evapotranspiration during SMACEX: Comparing Two Approaches for Local- and Regional-Scale Prediction , 2005 .

[15]  Zhilin Zhu,et al.  Study of emissivity scaling and relativity of homogeneity of surface temperature , 2004 .

[16]  F. Becker,et al.  The impact of spectral emissivity on the measurement of land surface temperature from a satellite , 1987 .

[17]  J. Norman,et al.  Terminology in thermal infrared remote sensing of natural surfaces , 1995 .

[18]  Zhao-Liang Li,et al.  Validation of the land-surface temperature products retrieved from Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer data , 2002 .

[19]  B. Rivard,et al.  Precise emissivity of rock samples , 1995 .

[20]  José A. Sobrino,et al.  On the atmospheric dependence of the split-window equation for land surface temperature , 1994 .

[21]  Eva Rubio,et al.  Emissivity measurements of several soils and vegetation types in the 8–14, μm Wave band: Analysis of two field methods , 1997 .

[22]  Z. Li,et al.  Temperature-independent spectral indices in thermal infrared bands , 1990 .

[23]  K. Watson.  Two-temperature method for measuring emissivity , 1992 .

[24]  José A. Sobrino,et al.  A field method for measuring the thermal infrared emissivity , 1993 .

[25]  Zhao-Liang Li,et al.  A physics-based algorithm for retrieving land-surface emissivity and temperature from EOS/MODIS data , 1997, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[26]  K. Buettner,et al.  The determination of infrared emissivities of terrestrial surfaces , 1965 .

[27]  J. Labed,et al.  Spectral properties of land surfaces in the thermal infrared: 1. Laboratory measurements of absolute spectral emissivity signatures , 1990 .

[28]  Yasushi Yamaguchi,et al.  Scaling of land surface temperature using satellite data: A case examination on ASTER and MODIS products over a heterogeneous terrain area , 2006 .

[29]  Fran Li,et al.  Surface temperature and emissivity at various scales: Definition, measurement and related problems , 1995 .