A predation bioassay to quantify the ecological significance of sublethal responses of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to the antisapstain fungicide TCMTB

The lumber protection antisapstain fungicide 2-(thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole (TCMTB) is leached by rainfall from treated wood awaiting shipment from outdoor lumber storage facilities. Stormwater discharges of this pesticide into estuarine reaches of the Fraser River, British Columbia, have raised concern about toxic effects on juvenile salmon rearing in this habitat. Simulated stream flow conditions were used to expose underyearling chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to a sublethal (10 μg∙L−1) concentration of TCMTB. Equal numbers of fin-clipped control and exposed fish were subsequently transferred to a vertically stratified (fresh over seawater) 15 500-L outdoor tank where they were challenged with the combined stressors of salinity and the presence of a marine predator (yellowtail rockfish (Sebastes flavidus)). After 5 d under these simulated estuarine conditions, survivors were enumerated. Chinook salmon that had been exposed to the toxicant were consumed in preference to the control group...

[1]  G. Wedemeyer.  Stress of anesthesia with M.S. 222 and Benzocaine in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) , 1970 .

[2]  I. K. Birtwell,et al.  Laboratory Apparatus for Studying the Behaviour of Organisms in Vertically Stratified Waters , 1987 .

[3]  G. Wedemeyer.  Some physiological consequences of handling stress in the juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) , 1972 .

[4]  J. Sylvester.  Effect of Thermal Stress on Predator Avoidance in Sockeye Salmon , 1972 .

[5]  C. Schreck,et al.  Multiple Acute Disturbances Evoke Cumulative Physiological Stress Responses in Juvenile Chinook Salmon , 1986 .

[6]  T. Nagel.  Rearing of Walleye Fingerlings in an Intensive Culture Using Oregon Moist Pellets as an Artificial Diet , 1974 .

[7]  N. A. Hvidsten,et al.  Predation on hatchery-reared and wild smolts of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in the estuary of River Orkla, Norway , 1988 .

[8]  Henry J. Kania,et al.  Behavioral Alterations in a Simple Predator-Prey System Due to Sublethal Exposure to Mercury , 1974 .

[9]  R. Hilborn.  Hatcheries and the Future of Salmon in the Northwest , 1992 .

[10]  G. Ruggerone.  Consumption of Migrating Juvenile Salmonids by Gulls Foraging below a Columbia River Dam , 1986 .

[11]  D. Swift.  A holding box system for physiological experiments on rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson) requiring rapid blood sampling , 1981 .

[12]  J. B. Sprague.  Measurement of pollutant toxicity to fish I. Bioassay methods for acute toxicity , 1969 .

[13]  D. Levy,et al.  Juvenile Salmon Residency in a Marsh Area of the Fraser River Estuary , 1982 .

[14]  C. Schreck,et al.  Chemosensory detection of predators by coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch): behavioural reaction and the physiological stress response , 1987 .

[15]  A Simple Technique for Detecting Effects of Toxicants or Other Stresses on a Predator‐Prey Interaction , 1972 .

[16]  A. Wright.  The use of recovery as a criterion for toxicity , 1976, Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology.

[17]  G. Kruzynski.  Some effects of dehydroabietic acid (DHA) on hydromineral balance and other physiological, parameters in juvenile sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka , 1979 .

[18]  Michael W. Davis,et al.  The role of learning and stress in predator avoidance of hatchery-reared coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) juveniles , 1989 .

[19]  D. Cushing,et al.  Why do Fish School? , 1968, Nature.

[20]  L. R. Dice.  THE SELECTION INDEX AND ITS TEST OF SIGNIFICANCE , 1949, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[21]  H. Hansel,et al.  Rates of Consumption of Juvenile Salmonids and Alternative Prey Fish by Northern Squawfish, Walleyes, Smallmouth Bass, and Channel Catfish in John Day Reservoir, Columbia River , 1991 .

[22]  J. Shrimpton,et al.  Stormwater Related Chlorophenol Releases from Seven Wood Protection Facilities in British Columbia , 1988 .

[23]  Charles C. Coutant,et al.  Effect of Thermal Shock on Vulnerability of Juvenile Salmonids to Predation , 1973 .

[24]  J. Anderson,et al.  Effects of Two Insecticides on the Vulnerability of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Parr to Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) Predation , 1972 .

[25]  Michael W. Davis,et al.  Notes: Comparison of Predator Avoidance Capabilities with Corticosteroid Levels Induced by Stress in Juvenile Coho Salmon , 1992 .

[26]  B. Rieman,et al.  Abundance and Distribution of Northern Squawfish, Walleyes, and Smallmouth Bass in John Day Reservoir, Columbia River , 1991 .

[27]  I. K. Birtwell,et al.  In situ and laboratory studies on the behaviour and survival of Pacific salmon (genus Oncorhynchus) , 1989 .

[28]  I. K. Birtwell,et al.  A Review of Fish Habitat Issues in the Fraser River System , 1988 .

[29]  D. T. Michaud,et al.  Physiological Responses of Hatchery Reared Muskellunge (Esox masquinongy) to Handling , 1974 .

[30]  A. D. Pickering,et al.  Recovery of the brown trout, Salmo trutta L., from acute handling stress: a time-course study , 1982 .

[31]  Aimo Oikari,et al.  Haematological effects of stress on a teleost, Esox lucius L. , 1976 .

[32]  J. F. Sullivan,et al.  Changes in the Predator–Prey Behavior of Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas) and Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) Caused by Cadmium , 1978 .

[33]  Ȧ. Larsson,et al.  Physiological stress responses in a wild fish population of perch (Perca fluviatilis) after capture and during subsequent recovery , 1985 .

[34]  R. A. Bams.  Differences in Performance of Naturally and Artificially Propagated Sockeye Salmon Migrant Fry, as Measured with Swimming and Predation Tests , 1967 .

[35]  Brian G. Brownlee,et al.  Aquatic environmental chemistry of 2‐(thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole and related benzothiazoles , 1992 .

[36]  N. A. Hvidsten,et al.  Predation on salmon smolts, Salmo salar L., in the estuary of the River Surna, Norway , 1987 .

[37]  T. Järvi.  Cumulative acute physiological stress in Atlantic salmon smolts: the effect of osmotic imbalance and the presence of predators , 1990 .

[38]  P. Colgan,et al.  Changes in the predator-avoidance behaviour of juvenile guppies (Poecilia reticulata) exposed to pentachlorophenol , 1985 .

[39]  I. K. Birtwell,et al.  The Pacific eulachon (Thaleichthys pacificus) as a pollution indicator organism in the Fraser River estuary, Vancouver, British Columbia. , 1990, The Science of the total environment.

[40]  J. B. Sprague.  Measurement of pollutant toxicity to fish—III: Sublethal effects and “safe” concentrations , 1971 .

[41]  R. Burrows.  Prophylactic Treatment for Control of Fungus (Saprolegnia parasitica) on Salmon Eggs , 1949 .

[42]  Predation on migrating smolt as a regulating factor in Baltic salmon, Salmo salar L., populations , 1985 .