Longitudinal changes in macular retinal layer thickness in pediatric populations: Myopic vs non-myopic eyes

Knowledge of the normal in vivo thickness of the retina, and its individual layers in pediatric populations is important for diagnosing and monitoring retinal disorders, and for understanding the eye’s normal development and the impact of eye growth and refractive error such as myopia (short-sightedness) upon retinal morphology. In this prospective, observational longitudinal study, total retinal thickness (and individual retinal layer thickness) and the changes in retinal morphology occurring over an 18-month period were examined in 101 children with a range of refractive errors. In childhood, the presence of myopia was associated with subtle but statistically significant (p<0.05) changes in the topographical thickness distribution of macular retinal thickness (and retinal layer thickness), characterised by a thinning of the parafoveal retina (and parafoveal or perifoveal thinning in most outer and inner retinal layers). The parafoveal retina was on average 6 μm thinner in myopic children. However, over 18 months, longitudinal changes in retinal thickness and individual layers were of small magnitude (average changes of less than 2 μm over 18 months), indicative of a high degree of stability in retinal morphology in healthy adolescent eyes, despite significant eye growth over this same period of time. This provides the first detailed longitudinal assessment of macula retinal layer morphology in adolescence, and delivers new normative data on expected changes in retinal structure over time and associated with myopia during this period of childhood development.

[1]  Haidong Zou,et al.  Choroidal and Retinal Thickness in Children With Different Refractive Status Measured by Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography. , 2016, American journal of ophthalmology.

[2]  Tao Li,et al.  Assessment of Retinal and Choroidal Measurements in Chinese School-Age Children with Cirrus-HD Optical Coherence Tomography , 2016, PloS one.

[3]  F. Proudlock,et al.  Pediatric Optical Coherence Tomography in Clinical Practice-Recent Progress. , 2016, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[4]  Bernard Gilmartin,et al.  Global variations and time trends in the prevalence of childhood myopia, a systematic review and quantitative meta-analysis: implications for aetiology and early prevention , 2016, British Journal of Ophthalmology.

[5]  N. Risch,et al.  The Association of Refractive Error with Glaucoma in a Multiethnic Population. , 2016, Ophthalmology.

[6]  A. Berrocal,et al.  Long-term follow-up of intravitreal bevacizumab for the treatment of pediatric retinal and choroidal diseases. , 2015, Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus.

[7]  I. Gottlob,et al.  Retinal Development in Infants and Young Children with Achromatopsia , 2015, Ophthalmology.

[8]  Scott A Read,et al.  Light Exposure and Eye Growth in Childhood. , 2015, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[9]  C. Shields,et al.  Foveal microanatomy documented by SD-OCT following treatment of advanced retinoblastoma. , 2015, Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus.

[10]  I. Gottlob,et al.  In Vivo Foveal Development Using Optical Coherence Tomography. , 2015, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[11]  F. Lu,et al.  Macular Thickness Profiles of Intraretinal Layers in Myopia Evaluated by Ultrahigh-Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography. , 2015, American journal of ophthalmology.

[12]  I. Ctori,et al.  Repeatability of Foveal Measurements Using Spectralis Optical Coherence Tomography Segmentation Software , 2015, PloS one.

[13]  David Alonso-Caneiro,et al.  MACULAR RETINAL LAYER THICKNESS IN CHILDHOOD , 2015, Retina.

[14]  C. Summers,et al.  Clinical Insights Into Foveal Morphology in Albinism. , 2015, Journal of pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus.

[15]  David Alonso-Caneiro,et al.  Longitudinal changes in choroidal thickness and eye growth in childhood. , 2015, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[16]  Lin Xiao,et al.  Macular measurements using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in Chinese myopic children. , 2014, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[17]  C. Shields,et al.  Hand-held spectral-domain optical coherence tomography of small macular retinoblastoma in infants before and after chemotherapy. , 2014, Journal of pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus.

[18]  David Alonso-Caneiro,et al.  Choroidal thickness in myopic and nonmyopic children assessed with enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography. , 2013, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[19]  Yun-Mi Song,et al.  Retinal thickness and volume measured with enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography. , 2013, American journal of ophthalmology.

[20]  Ramiro S. Maldonado,et al.  Optical coherence tomography in retinopathy of prematurity: looking beyond the vessels. , 2013, Clinics in perinatology.

[21]  Y. Ohn,et al.  Evaluation of structural and functional changes in non-pathologic myopic fundus using multifocal electroretinogram and optical coherence tomography , 2013, Documenta Ophthalmologica.

[22]  Yuquan Wen,et al.  Normative reference ranges for the retinal nerve fiber layer, macula, and retinal layer thicknesses in children. , 2013, American journal of ophthalmology.

[23]  M. Ruíz-Canela,et al.  Multicenter Spanish study of spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography in normal children , 2013, Acta ophthalmologica.

[24]  D. Flitcroft The complex interactions of retinal, optical and environmental factors in myopia aetiology , 2012, Progress in Retinal and Eye Research.

[25]  Sina Farsiu,et al.  Maturation of the human fovea: correlation of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography findings with histology. , 2012, American journal of ophthalmology.

[26]  Joseph Carroll,et al.  Evaluation of normal human foveal development using optical coherence tomography and histologic examination. , 2012, Archives of ophthalmology.

[27]  Elise Harb,et al.  Factors Associated with Macular Thickness in the COMET Myopic Cohort , 2012, Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry.

[28]  David Alonso-Caneiro,et al.  Diurnal Variation of Retinal Thickness with Spectral Domain OCT , 2012, Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry.

[29]  G. Savini,et al.  Evaluation of the nerve fiber layer and macula in the eyes of healthy children using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. , 2012, American journal of ophthalmology.

[30]  Sina Farsiu,et al.  Dynamics of human foveal development after premature birth. , 2011, Ophthalmology.

[31]  Scott A Read,et al.  Diurnal variations in axial length, choroidal thickness, intraocular pressure, and ocular biometrics. , 2011, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[32]  Joseph A. Izatt,et al.  Automatic segmentation of seven retinal layers in SDOCT images congruent with expert manual segmentation , 2010, Optics express.

[33]  Lala Ceklic,et al.  Macular thickness measurements in healthy eyes using six different optical coherence tomography instruments. , 2009, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[34]  Xian Zhang,et al.  Thickness of receptor and post-receptor retinal layers in patients with retinitis pigmentosa measured with frequency-domain optical coherence tomography. , 2009, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[35]  R. Zawadzki,et al.  Retinal morphological changes of patients with X-linked retinoschisis evaluated by Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography. , 2008, Archives of ophthalmology.

[36]  Maciej Wojtkowski,et al.  Characterization of outer retinal morphology with high-speed, ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography. , 2008, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[37]  D. Altman,et al.  Measuring agreement in method comparison studies , 1999, Statistical methods in medical research.

[38]  S. F. Taylor,et al.  Retinotopy of the human retinal nerve fibre layer and optic nerve head , 1996, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[39]  C. Curcio,et al.  Topography of ganglion cells in human retina , 1990, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[40]  A. Hendrickson,et al.  Human photoreceptor topography , 1990, The Journal of comparative neurology.