Radiation performance of small implanted antennas in head at MICS, ISM, and GPS bands

This paper presents a comparative analysis of the radiation characteristics for a rectangular loop antenna and a short dipole antenna, placed under the scalp, at the MICS, GPS, and ISM frequency bands. These antennas are evaluated at 402, 915, 1575, and 2450 MHz in an anatomically defined head model using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. This evaluation shows the impact of human head loading on the radiation performance of the antennas. The knowledge gained from this study is useful for the design of antennas for medical telemetry devices implanted in the body.