INTEGRATION OF FIXED- AND FLEXIBLE-ROUTE BUS SYSTEMS

Temporally integrated bus systems, in which fixed-route services are provided during higher-demand periods and flexible-route services are provided during lower-demand periods, are investigated with analytic optimization models. Threshold analysis is used to determine which option is preferable for a given demand pattern and to identify favorable situations for integrated operation. Optimized vehicle sizes, route spacings, zone areas, and service headways are obtained and compared for fixed-route, flexible-route, and integrated systems.

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