Neuropsychiatric disorders following vascular brain injury.

Several neuropsychiatric disorders such as mood, anxiety and psychotic disorders occur following cerebrovascular lesions. Post-stroke depression is the most common of these disorders and, along with post-stroke anxiety, has been shown to inhibit physical and cognitive recovery. Antidepressants have been shown to effectively treat post-stroke depression and to have a positive impact on rehabilitation efforts in patients suffering from this disorder. Much less is known about the potential impact of psychiatric conditions on recovery after stroke. Controlled trials will be able to adequately determine the effectiveness of treatment for these disorders.

[1]  J. Babinski,et al.  Contribution a l'etude des troubles mentaux dans l'hemiplegie organique cerebrale (anosognosie) , 1914 .

[2]  The Organism: A Holistic Approach to Biology Derived from Pathological Data in Man , 1934 .

[3]  G. Gainotti.  Emotional behavior and hemispheric side of the lesion. , 1972, Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior.

[4]  T. P. Anderson,et al.  Stroke rehabilitation: maintenance of achieved gains. , 1977, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[5]  G. Klerman,et al.  Secondary mania: manic syndromes associated with antecedent physical illness or drugs. , 1978, Archives of general psychiatry.

[6]  D. Levine,et al.  Delayed psychosis after right temporoparietal stroke or trauma , 1982, Neurology.

[7]  A. Stoll,et al.  Mood, vegetative disturbance, and dexamethasone suppression test after stroke , 1982, Annals of neurology.

[8]  R. Robinson,et al.  Mood changes in stroke patients: relationship to lesion location. , 1983, Comprehensive psychiatry.

[9]  R. Robinson,et al.  A two‐year longitudinal study of post‐stroke mood disorders: findings during the initial evaluation. , 1983, Stroke.

[10]  J. Cummings,et al.  Secondary mania with focal cerebrovascular lesions. , 1984, The American journal of psychiatry.

[11]  Godfrey D. Pearlson,et al.  POST-STROKE DEPRESSION : A DOUBLE-BLIND STUDY , 2003 .

[12]  E. Kaplan,et al.  Depression Influences Intellectual Impairment in Stroke Patients , 1986, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[13]  J. Dunne,et al.  Inobvious stroke: a cause of delirium and dementia. , 1986, Australian and New Zealand journal of medicine.

[14]  M. Reding,et al.  Antidepressant therapy after stroke. A double-blind trial. , 1986, Archives of neurology.

[15]  R G Robinson,et al.  Comparison of cortical and subcortical lesions in the production of poststroke mood disorders. , 1987, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[16]  G. Pearlson,et al.  Mania after brain injury. A controlled study of causative factors. , 1987, Archives of neurology.

[17]  A. House,et al.  Mood disorders after stroke: A review of the evidence , 1987 .

[18]  R. Robinson,et al.  Mechanisms of Mania after Brain Injury: 12 Case Reports and Review of the Literature , 1988, The Journal of nervous and mental disease.

[19]  S. Rifat,et al.  Mood Disorder Following Cerebrovascular Accident , 1989, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[20]  R. Robinson,et al.  Lateralization of dementia of depression in stroke patients. , 1989, The American journal of psychiatry.

[21]  S. Rapp,et al.  Substituting nonsomatic for somatic symptoms in the diagnosis of depression in elderly male medical patients. , 1989, The American journal of psychiatry.

[22]  D B Hier,et al.  Dementia in stroke survivors in the Stroke Data Bank cohort. Prevalence, incidence, risk factors, and computed tomographic findings. , 1990, Stroke.

[23]  R. Robinson,et al.  Current research in affective disorders following stroke. , 1990, The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences.

[24]  A. House,et al.  The relationship between intellectual impairment and mood disorder in the first year after stroke , 1990, Psychological Medicine.

[25]  P. Rabins,et al.  Risk factors for developing atypical (schizophreniform) psychosis following stroke. , 1991, The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences.

[26]  R. Burns,et al.  Increase of medical hospital length of stay by depression in stroke and amputation patients: a pilot study. , 1992, Psychotherapy and psychosomatics.

[27]  R. Robinson,et al.  Anosognosia in Patients With Cerebrovascular Lesions: A Study of Causative Factors , 1992, Stroke.

[28]  K. Asplund,et al.  Different Linkage of Depression to Hypercortisolism Early Versus Late After Stroke: A 3‐Year Longitudinal Study , 1993, Stroke.

[29]  P. Halligan,et al.  The incidence of neglect phenomena and related disorders in patients with an acute right or left hemisphere stroke. , 1993, Age and ageing.

[30]  R. Robinson,et al.  Pathological laughing and crying following stroke: validation of a measurement scale and a double-blind treatment study. , 1993, The American journal of psychiatry.

[31]  R. Robinson,et al.  Catastrophic reaction after cerebrovascular lesions: frequency, correlates, and validation of a scale. , 1993, The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences.

[32]  K. Asplund,et al.  Major Depression in Stroke Patients: A 3‐Year Longitudinal Study , 1993, Stroke.

[33]  Robert G. Robinson,et al.  Secondary mania following traumatic brain injury. , 1993 .

[34]  R. Robinson,et al.  Apathy Following Cerebrovascular Lesions , 1993, Stroke.

[35]  R. Mayeux,et al.  Risk of dementia after stroke in a hospitalized cohort , 1994, Neurology.

[36]  R. Robinson,et al.  Longitudinal Assessment of Depression and Cognitive Impairment Following Stroke , 1994, The Journal of nervous and mental disease.

[37]  G. Andersen,et al.  Effective Treatment of Poststroke Depression With the Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Citalopram , 1994, Stroke.

[38]  G. Andersen,et al.  Incidence of post‐stroke depression during the first year in a large unselected stroke population determined using a valid standardized rating scale , 1994, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[39]  K. Heilman,et al.  Dissociation of anosognosia for hemiplegia and aphasia during left-hemisphere anesthesia , 1995, Neurology.

[40]  C. Anderson,et al.  Prevalence of Depression After Stroke: The Perth Community Stroke Study , 1995, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[41]  R. Robinson,et al.  Clinical correlates of early-onset and late-onset poststroke generalized anxiety. , 1995, The American journal of psychiatry.

[42]  G. Andersen,et al.  Dementia of depression or depression of dementia in stroke? , 1996, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[43]  D. Leys,et al.  Preexisting dementia in stroke patients. Baseline frequency, associated factors, and outcome. , 1997, Stroke.

[44]  S. Kobayashi,et al.  Poststroke apathy and regional cerebral blood flow. , 1997, Stroke.

[45]  N. Herrmann,et al.  The Importance of Lesion Location in Poststroke Depression: A Critical Review , 1998, Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie.

[46]  L. Toussaint,et al.  Methylphenidate in early poststroke recovery: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. , 1998, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[47]  D. Goldberg,et al.  Depressive symptoms and increased risk of stroke mortality over a 29-year period. , 1998, Archives of internal medicine.

[48]  A. House,et al.  Psychological associations with emotionalism after stroke , 1998, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[49]  S. Paradiso,et al.  Minor depression after stroke: an initial validation of the DSM-IV construct. , 1999, The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry.

[50]  K. George,et al.  Post-Stroke Mania Late in Life Involving the Left Hemisphere , 1999, The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry.

[51]  P. Nieminen,et al.  Poststroke depression correlates with cognitive impairment and neurological deficits. , 1999, Stroke.

[52]  C. Marra,et al.  Frequency, phenomenology and anatomical–clinical correlates of major post-stroke depression , 1999, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[53]  R. Robinson,et al.  Nortriptyline versus fluoxetine in the treatment of depression and in short-term recovery after stroke: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. , 2000, The American journal of psychiatry.

[54]  R. Robinson,et al.  The neuropsychiatry of stroke. , 2000, Psychosomatics.

[55]  P. Joseph,et al.  Fluoxetine in early poststroke depression: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. , 2000, Stroke.

[56]  R. Robinson,et al.  Treatment of cognitive impairment after poststroke depression : a double-blind treatment trial. , 2000, Stroke.

[57]  Michael Sharpe,et al.  Depression after stroke and lesion location: a systematic review , 2000, The Lancet.

[58]  R. Robinson,et al.  The Effect of Remission of Poststroke Depression on Activities of Daily Living in a Double-Blind Randomized Treatment Study , 2001, The Journal of nervous and mental disease.

[59]  F. Verhey,et al.  Research into the specificity of depression after stroke: a review on an unresolved issue , 2001, Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry.

[60]  Robert G. Miller,et al.  Clinical characteristics and management of ALS. , 2001, Seminars in neurology.

[61]  B. Mulsant,et al.  Post stroke depression: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and biological treatment , 2002, Biological Psychiatry.

[62]  C. Caltagirone,et al.  Predictors of cognitive level and depression severity are different in patients with left and right hemispheric stroke within the first year of illness , 2002, Journal of Neurology.

[63]  R. Robinson,et al.  Poststroke depression: prevalence, diagnosis, treatment, and disease progression , 2003, Biological Psychiatry.

[64]  R G Robinson,et al.  A reappraisal of poststroke depression, intra- and inter-hemispheric lesion location using meta-analysis. , 2003, The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences.

[65]  M. Kaste,et al.  Generalized Anxiety Disorders Three to Four Months after Ischemic Stroke , 2003, Cerebrovascular Diseases.

[66]  S. Yamaguchi,et al.  Impaired Novelty Processing in Apathy After Subcortical Stroke , 2004, Stroke.

[67]  A. Berti,et al.  The Anatomy of Anosognosia for Hemiplegia: A Meta-Analysis , 2004, Cortex.

[68]  I. Appollonio,et al.  Unconventional affective symptoms and executive functions after stroke in the elderly. , 2004, Archives of gerontology and geriatrics. Supplement.

[69]  D. Leys,et al.  Depressive symptoms after stroke and relationship with dementia , 2004, Neurology.

[70]  S. Arndt,et al.  Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as treatment of poststroke depression: a preliminary study , 2004, Biological Psychiatry.

[71]  M. Paci,et al.  Motor and functional recovery in patients with post-stroke depression , 2005, Disability and rehabilitation.

[72]  Craig S. Anderson,et al.  Predictors of Depression after Stroke: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies , 2005 .

[73]  M. Åsberg,et al.  Double-blind comparison of sertraline and placebo in stroke patients with minor depression and less severe major depression. , 2005, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[74]  E. Waubant,et al.  Acute pathological laughter , 2005, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[75]  R. Schiffer,et al.  Review of pseudobulbar affect including a novel and potential therapy. , 2005, The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences.

[76]  P. Sachdev,et al.  Frequency and clinical, neuropsychological and neuroimaging correlates of apathy following stroke – the Sydney Stroke Study , 2005, Psychological Medicine.

[77]  M. Johnston,et al.  Anxiety and depression 3 years following stroke: demographic, clinical, and psychological predictors. , 2005, Journal of psychosomatic research.