Chemical characterization, cytotoxic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and enzyme inhibitory e ff ects of di ff erent extracts from one sage ( Salvia ceratophylla L.) from Turkey: open a new window on industrial purposes RSC Advances

In the present study, the methanolic, hydro-methanolic, dichloromethane, hexane and aqueous extracts of Salvia ceratophylla L. (Family: Lamiaceae), a lemon-scented herb, were tested for total phenolic (TPC) and fl avonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activities were evaluated using a battery of assays (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), cupric reducing antioxidant capacity, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (phosphomolybdenum) and metal chelating). Enzyme inhibitory e ff ects were investigated using acetyl-(AChE), butyryl-cholinesterase (BChE), tyrosinase, a -amylase and a -glucosidase as target enzymes. Regarding the cytotoxic abilities, HepG2, B164A5 and S17 cell lines were used. The phytochemical pro fi le was conducted using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Our data showed that the methanolic aerial extracts possessed the highest phenolic (72.50 (cid:1) 0.63 mg gallic acid equivalent per g) and fl avonoid (43.77 (cid:1) 1.09 mg rutin equivalent per g) contents. The hydro-methanolic aerial extract showed signi fi cant DPPH radical scavenging activity (193.40 (cid:1) 0.27 mg TE per g) and the highest reducing potential against CUPRAC (377.93 (cid:1) 2.38 mg TE per g). The best tyrosinase activity was observed with dichloromethane root extract (125.45 (cid:1) 1.41 mg kojic acid equivalent per g). Among the tested extracts, hexane root extract exerted the highest antimicrobial potential with a minimum inhibitory concentration value of 0.048 mg mL (cid:3) 1 . Methanolic root extract showed the lowest cytotoxicity (28%) against HepG2 cells. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of important polyphenolic compounds including luteolin, gallic acid, rosmarinic acid, to name a few. This research can be used as one methodological starting point for further investigations on this lemon-scented herb.

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