Bioinspired Polymeric Nanocomposites for Regenerative Medicine

The design and fabrication of bioinspired nanomaterials for tissue-engineering applications requires a fundamental understanding of the interactions between polymers, nanostructures, and cells. Most biomimetic polymeric nanocomposites consist of two or more types of polymers or of polymers combined with different nanomaterials to obtain composite structures with desired properties. In this Talents & Trends article, the focus is on bioinspired poly meric nanocomposites surrounding three major strategies. Firstly, biomimetic structures composed of a fi brous architecture are discussed. Secondly, the emerging trends in designing complex nanocomposites with multiple functionalities are assessed. Finally, some of the most critical challenges that come with the design and fabrication are highlighted in bioprinting. Finally, the emerging trends in the fi eld of bioinspired polymeric nanocomposites are highlighted.

[1]  L. Dolcini,et al.  Effects of different crosslinking conditions on the chemical–physical properties of a novel bio-inspired composite scaffold stabilised with 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDGE) , 2012, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine.

[2]  A. Khademhosseini,et al.  BIOMIMETIC GRADIENT HYDROGELS FOR TISSUE ENGINEERING. , 2010, The Canadian journal of chemical engineering.

[3]  O. Akkus,et al.  Physically crosslinked nanocomposites from silicate-crosslinked PEO: mechanical properties and osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. , 2012, Macromolecular bioscience.

[4]  Andre Levchenko,et al.  Synergistically enhanced osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells by culture on nanostructured surfaces with induction media. , 2010, Biomacromolecules.

[5]  K. Kuroda,et al.  Layer-by-layer assembly of imogolite nanotubes and polyelectrolytes into core-shell particles and their conversion to hierarchically porous spheres , 2008, Science and technology of advanced materials.

[6]  A. Khademhosseini,et al.  Injectable Graphene Oxide/Hydrogel-Based Angiogenic Gene Delivery System for Vasculogenesis and Cardiac Repair , 2014, ACS nano.

[7]  Richard Weinkamer,et al.  Nature’s hierarchical materials , 2007 .

[8]  E. Fortunati,et al.  Biodegradable polymer matrix nanocomposites for tissue engineering: A review , 2010 .

[9]  Zhongmin Jin,et al.  Fabrication of a bio‐inspired beta‐Tricalcium phosphate/collagen scaffold based on ceramic stereolithography and gel casting for osteochondral tissue engineering , 2012 .

[10]  X. Hou,et al.  Novel interpenetrating polymer network electrolytes , 2001 .

[11]  Nathan J. Castro,et al.  Novel biologically-inspired rosette nanotube PLLA scaffolds for improving human mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenic differentiation , 2013, Biomedical materials.

[12]  Shiwei Zhou,et al.  Computer-Aided Design and Fabrication of Bio-Mimetic Materials and Scaffold Micro-Structures , 2011 .

[13]  Akhilesh K Gaharwar,et al.  Assessment of using laponite cross-linked poly(ethylene oxide) for controlled cell adhesion and mineralization. , 2011, Acta biomaterialia.

[14]  Nicholas A Peppas,et al.  Hydrogels and Scaffolds for Immunomodulation , 2014, Advanced materials.

[15]  Z. Haidar.  Bio-Inspired/-Functional Colloidal Core-Shell Polymeric-Based NanoSystems: Technology Promise in Tissue Engineering, Bioimaging and NanoMedicine , 2010 .

[16]  Guoping Chen,et al.  Tissue engineering of cartilage using a hybrid scaffold of synthetic polymer and collagen. , 2004, Tissue engineering.

[17]  A. Gaharwar,et al.  Mechanically Tough Pluronic F127/Laponite Nanocomposite Hydrogels from Covalently and Physically Cross-Linked Networks , 2011 .

[18]  Peter X Ma,et al.  Structure and properties of nano-hydroxyapatite/polymer composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. , 2004, Biomaterials.

[19]  Ali Khademhosseini,et al.  Hyperbranched polyester hydrogels with controlled drug release and cell adhesion properties. , 2013, Biomacromolecules.

[20]  Patrick J. Schexnailder,et al.  Nanocomposite polymer hydrogels , 2009 .

[21]  Tae Gwan Park,et al.  Surface-functionalized electrospun nanofibers for tissue engineering and drug delivery. , 2009, Advanced drug delivery reviews.

[22]  A. Gaharwar,et al.  Silicate cross-linked bio-nanocomposite hydrogels from PEO and chitosan. , 2009, Macromolecular bioscience.

[23]  A. Gaharwar,et al.  Development of Biomedical Polymer-Silicate Nanocomposites: A Materials Science Perspective , 2010, Materials.

[24]  Christine E Schmidt,et al.  Cell-laden hydrogel constructs of hyaluronic acid, collagen, and laminin for neural tissue engineering. , 2010, Tissue engineering. Part A.

[25]  Jaebeom Lee,et al.  Nanoscale hydroxyapatite particles for bone tissue engineering. , 2011, Acta biomaterialia.

[26]  A. Okada,et al.  Twenty Years of Polymer‐Clay Nanocomposites , 2006 .

[27]  Thomas C. Ferrante,et al.  A combinatorial cell-laden gel microarray for inducing osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells , 2014, Scientific Reports.

[28]  João F Mano,et al.  Combinatorial cell-3D biomaterials cytocompatibility screening for tissue engineering using bioinspired superhydrophobic substrates. , 2012, Integrative biology : quantitative biosciences from nano to macro.

[29]  David J. Mooney,et al.  Growth Factors, Matrices, and Forces Combine and Control Stem Cells , 2009, Science.

[30]  A. Khademhosseini,et al.  Microscale technologies for tissue engineering and biology. , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[31]  João F Mano,et al.  Biomimetic design of materials and biomaterials inspired by the structure of nacre , 2009, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[32]  C. Lim,et al.  Mussel inspired protein-mediated surface modification to electrospun fibers and their potential biomedical applications. , 2012, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[33]  Eduardo Saiz,et al.  Freeze casting of hydroxyapatite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. , 2006, Biomaterials.

[34]  Ali Khademhosseini,et al.  Progress in tissue engineering. , 2009, Scientific American.

[35]  B. Holmes,et al.  Enhanced Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Functions in 3D Bioprinted Biologically Inspired Osteochondral Construct , 2013 .

[36]  Ali Khademhosseini,et al.  A microwell array system for stem cell culture. , 2008, Biomaterials.

[37]  Ying Wan,et al.  Designed composites for mimicking compressive mechanical properties of articular cartilage matrix. , 2014, Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials.

[38]  F. Cui,et al.  Hierarchically biomimetic bone scaffold materials: nano-HA/collagen/PLA composite. , 2004, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials.

[39]  Peter X Ma,et al.  Biomimetic nanofibrous gelatin/apatite composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. , 2009, Biomaterials.

[40]  Correlations between mechanical, structural, and dynamical properties of polymer nanocomposites. , 2012, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[41]  Ali Khademhosseini,et al.  Elastomeric nanocomposite scaffolds made from poly (glycerol sebacate) chemically crosslinked with carbon nanotubes. , 2015, Biomaterials science.

[42]  Chee Kai Chua,et al.  The development of computer-aided system for tissue scaffolds (CASTS) system for functionally graded tissue-engineering scaffolds. , 2012, Methods in molecular biology.

[43]  Bharat Bhushan,et al.  Bioinspired rice leaf and butterfly wing surface structures combining shark skin and lotus effects , 2012 .

[44]  Akhilesh K. Gaharwar,et al.  Highly Extensible Bio‐Nanocomposite Films with Direction‐Dependent Properties , 2010 .

[45]  Michael S Detamore,et al.  Hierarchically designed agarose and poly(ethylene glycol) interpenetrating network hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering. , 2010, Tissue engineering. Part C, Methods.

[46]  J. Ai,et al.  Preparation of a biomimetic nanocomposite scaffold for bone tissue engineering via mineralization of gelatin hydrogel and study of mineral transformation in simulated body fluid. , 2012, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[47]  Katia Bertoldi,et al.  Mathematically defined tissue engineering scaffold architectures prepared by stereolithography. , 2010, Biomaterials.

[48]  T. Troczynski,et al.  Bio-inspired dicalcium phosphate anhydrate/poly(lactic acid) nanocomposite fibrous scaffolds for hard tissue regeneration: in situ synthesis and electrospinning. , 2014, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[49]  Sie Chin Tjong,et al.  STRUCTURAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES , 2006 .

[50]  Ali Khademhosseini,et al.  Microengineered hydrogels for tissue engineering. , 2007, Biomaterials.

[51]  A. Khademhosseini,et al.  Hydrogels in Regenerative Medicine , 2009, Advanced materials.

[52]  J. Fisher,et al.  Early osteogenic signal expression of rat bone marrow stromal cells is influenced by both hydroxyapatite nanoparticle content and initial cell seeding density in biodegradable nanocomposite scaffolds. , 2011, Acta biomaterialia.

[53]  Ali Khademhosseini,et al.  Micro- and nanoscale control of the cardiac stem cell niche for tissue fabrication. , 2009, Tissue engineering. Part B, Reviews.

[54]  A. Khademhosseini,et al.  Amphiphilic beads as depots for sustained drug release integrated into fibrillar scaffolds. , 2014, Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society.

[55]  Ali Khademhosseini,et al.  Bioinspired materials for controlling stem cell fate. , 2010, Accounts of chemical research.

[56]  J Malda,et al.  Bioprinting of hybrid tissue constructs with tailorable mechanical properties , 2011, Biofabrication.

[57]  A. Khademhosseini,et al.  Bioactive Silicate Nanoplatelets for Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells , 2013, Advanced materials.

[58]  C. Rudd,et al.  Mimicking Bone Structure and Function with Structural Composite Materials , 2010 .

[59]  Younan Xia,et al.  Nanomaterials at work in biomedical research. , 2008, Nature materials.

[60]  Ali Khademhosseini,et al.  Nanocomposite hydrogels for biomedical applications. , 2014, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[61]  Ali Khademhosseini,et al.  Nanoclay-enriched poly(ɛ-caprolactone) electrospun scaffolds for osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. , 2014, Tissue engineering. Part A.

[62]  Chao Liu,et al.  The behaviour of neural stem cells on polyhydroxyalkanoate nanofiber scaffolds. , 2010, Biomaterials.

[63]  Ganesh Nitya,et al.  In vitro evaluation of electrospun PCL/nanoclay composite scaffold for bone tissue engineering , 2012, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine.

[64]  Mehran Mehrabanian,et al.  HA/nylon 6,6 porous scaffolds fabricated by salt-leaching/solvent casting technique: effect of nano-sized filler content on scaffold properties , 2011, International journal of nanomedicine.

[65]  P Zioupos,et al.  Mechanical properties and the hierarchical structure of bone. , 1998, Medical engineering & physics.

[66]  A. Balbarini,et al.  Tissue response to poly(ether)urethane-polydimethylsiloxane-fibrin composite scaffolds for controlled delivery of pro-angiogenic growth factors. , 2010, Biomaterials.

[67]  U. Mony,et al.  Embedded silica nanoparticles in poly(caprolactone) nanofibrous scaffolds enhanced osteogenic potential for bone tissue engineering. , 2012, Tissue engineering. Part A.

[68]  S. V. Sreenivasan,et al.  Mammalian cells preferentially internalize hydrogel nanodiscs over nanorods and use shape-specific uptake mechanisms , 2013, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[69]  C. R. Howlett,et al.  Mechanisms of magnesium-stimulated adhesion of osteoblastic cells to commonly used orthopaedic implants. , 2002, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[70]  A. Gaharwar,et al.  Photocrosslinked nanocomposite hydrogels from PEG and silica nanospheres: structural, mechanical and cell adhesion characteristics. , 2013, Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications.

[71]  James D. White,et al.  Highly extensible bio-nanocomposite fibers. , 2011, Macromolecular rapid communications.

[72]  S. Ostrovidov,et al.  Microfluidic generation of polydopamine gradients on hydrophobic surfaces. , 2014, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[73]  Kristi S Anseth,et al.  Mechanical Properties of Cellularly Responsive Hydrogels and Their Experimental Determination , 2010, Advanced materials.

[74]  A. Melnick,et al.  Microscale Bioadhesive Hydrogel Arrays for Cell Engineering Applications , 2014, Cellular and molecular bioengineering.

[75]  A. Khademhosseini,et al.  The osteogenic differentiation of SSEA-4 sub-population of human adipose derived stem cells using silicate nanoplatelets. , 2014, Biomaterials.

[76]  X. Mo,et al.  Hierarchically designed injectable hydrogel from oxidized dextran, amino gelatin and 4-arm poly(ethylene glycol)-acrylate for tissue engineering application , 2012 .

[77]  W. Yeong,et al.  Engineering functionally graded tissue engineering scaffolds. , 2008, Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials.

[78]  A. Khademhosseini,et al.  Surface-tension-driven gradient generation in a fluid stripe for bench-top and microwell applications. , 2011, Small.

[79]  Mark W. Tibbitt,et al.  Hydrogels as extracellular matrix mimics for 3D cell culture. , 2009, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[80]  Thomas J. Webster,et al.  Enhanced biological and mechanical properties of well-dispersed nanophase ceramics in polymer composites: From 2D to 3D printed structures , 2011 .

[81]  Haeshin Lee,et al.  Mussel-Inspired Surface Chemistry for Multifunctional Coatings , 2007, Science.

[82]  M. Dobrovolskaia,et al.  Immunological properties of engineered nanomaterials , 2007, Nature Nanotechnology.

[83]  E. Place,et al.  Complexity in biomaterials for tissue engineering. , 2009, Nature materials.

[84]  Henning Madry,et al.  Bioinspired scaffolds for osteochondral regeneration. , 2014, Tissue engineering. Part A.

[85]  C. Choong,et al.  Simple surface modification of poly(ε-caprolactone) for apatite deposition from simulated body fluid , 2005 .

[86]  Hyunmin Kim,et al.  Apatite-forming ability of carboxyl group-containing polymer gels in a simulated body fluid. , 2003, Biomaterials.

[87]  G. Vunjak‐Novakovic,et al.  Stem cell-based tissue engineering with silk biomaterials. , 2006, Biomaterials.

[88]  Klaus Mecke,et al.  Minimal surface scaffold designs for tissue engineering. , 2011, Biomaterials.

[89]  Linheng Li,et al.  Stem cell niche: structure and function. , 2005, Annual review of cell and developmental biology.

[90]  Ho Yeon Son,et al.  Bioinspired templating synthesis of metal-polymer hybrid nanostructures within 3D electrospun nanofibers. , 2013, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[91]  A. Gaharwar,et al.  Highly extensible, tough, and elastomeric nanocomposite hydrogels from poly(ethylene glycol) and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. , 2011, Biomacromolecules.

[92]  Akhilesh K Gaharwar,et al.  Tuning cell adhesion by incorporation of charged silicate nanoparticles as cross-linkers to polyethylene oxide. , 2010, Macromolecular bioscience.

[93]  Candan Tamerler,et al.  Molecular biomimetics: utilizing nature's molecular ways in practical engineering. , 2007, Acta biomaterialia.

[94]  Yujiang Fan,et al.  rFN/Cad-11-modified collagen type II biomimetic interface promotes the adhesion and chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. , 2013, Tissue engineering. Part A.

[95]  Antonio Rinaldi,et al.  Multiscale three-dimensional scaffolds for soft tissue engineering via multimodal electrospinning. , 2010, Acta biomaterialia.

[96]  Ioannis Tsivintzelis,et al.  Biodegradable polymer nanocomposites: the role of nanoclays on the thermomechanical characteristics and the electrospun fibrous structure. , 2008, Acta biomaterialia.

[97]  Clément Sanchez,et al.  Biomimetism and bioinspiration as tools for the design of innovative materials and systems , 2005, Nature materials.