SIMULATION OF CLIMATE BY A GLOBAL GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL

Abstract The primitive equations of motion in spherical coordinates are integrated with respect to time on global grids with mean horizontal resolutions of 500 and 250 km. There are nine levels in the models from 80 m to 28 km above the ground. The models have realistic continents with smoothed topography and an ocean surface with February water temperatures prescribed. The insolation is for a Northern Hemisphere winter. In addition to wind, temperature, pressure, and water vapor, the models simulate precipitation, evaporation, soil moisture, snow depth, and runoff. The models were run long enough beyond a state of quasi-equilibrium for meaningful statistics to be obtained. Time means of meteorological and hydrological quantities computed by the models compare favorably with observed climatic means. For example, the thermal structure of the model atmosphere is very similar to that of the actual atmosphere except in the Northern Hemisphere stratosphere; and the simulated distributions of the major arid reg...

[1]  Yale Mintz,et al.  Very Long-Term Global Integration of the Primitive Equations of Atmospheric Motion : AN Experiment in Climate Simulation , 1968 .

[2]  Robert M. White,et al.  The Counter-Gradient Flux of Sensible Heat in the Lower Stratosphere , 1954 .

[3]  S. Manabe,et al.  Climate Calculations with a Combined Ocean-Atmosphere Model , 1969 .

[4]  S. Manabe,et al.  EXPERIMENTS WITH A STRATOSPHERIC GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL , 1968 .

[5]  Frederick G. Shuman On Certain Truncation Errors Associated with Spherical Coordinates , 1970 .

[6]  H. W. Menard,et al.  WORLD-WIDE OCEAN DEPTHS AND CONTINENTAL ELEVATIONS AVERAGED FOR AREAS APPROXIMATING ONE DEGREE SQUARES OF LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE, , 1966 .

[7]  Clifford H. Dey,et al.  A NOTE ON GLOBAL FORECASTING WITH THE KURIHARA GRID , 1969 .

[8]  Yoshio Kurihara,et al.  Numerical Integration of the Primitive Equations on a Spherical Grid , 1965 .

[9]  E. Rasmusson,et al.  ON THE ANNUAL VARIATION OF THE MONTHLY MEAN MERIDIONAL CIRCULATION , 1970 .

[10]  N. A. Phillips,et al.  A COORDINATE SYSTEM HAVING SOME SPECIAL ADVANTAGES FOR NUMERICAL FORECASTING , 1957 .

[11]  Y. Kurihara,et al.  NUMERICAL INTEGRATION OF A NINE-LEVEL GLOBAL PRIMITIVE EQUATIONS MODEL FORMULATED BY THE BOX METHOD , 1967 .

[12]  W. Hering,et al.  MEAN DISTRIBUTIONS OF OZONE DENSITY OVER NORTH AMERICA, 1963-1964. , 1965 .

[13]  R. W. Gerdel The transmission of water through snow , 1954 .

[14]  Norman A. Phillips,et al.  The general circulation of the atmosphere: A numerical experiment , 1956 .

[15]  G. Yamamoto On the Radiation Chart. , 1952 .

[16]  Caskey,et al.  GENERAL CIRCULATION EXPERIMENTS WITH THE PRIMITIVE EQUATIONS I . THE BASIC EXPERIMENT , 1962 .

[17]  R. D. Ward MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. , 1907, Science.

[18]  Syukuro Manabe,et al.  Comparison among Various Numerical Models Designed for Computing Infrared Cooling , 1968 .

[19]  S. Manabe,et al.  SIMULATED CLIMATOLOGY OF A GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL WITH A HYDROLOGIC CYCLE , 1965 .

[20]  Syukuro Manabe,et al.  NUMERICAL RESULTS FROM A NINE-LEVEL GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL OF THE ATMOSPHERE1 , 1965 .

[21]  S. Manabe,et al.  Tropical Circulation in a Time-Integration of a Global Model of the Atmosphere , 1970 .

[22]  Syukuro Manabe,et al.  Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with a Given Distribution of Relative Humidity , 1967 .

[23]  A. Kasahara,et al.  Thermal and dynamical effects of orography on the general circulation of the atmosphere , 1968 .

[24]  K. Bryan,et al.  A numerical investigation of the oceanic general circulation , 1967 .

[25]  R. F. Strickler,et al.  Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with a Convective Adjustment , 1964 .

[26]  Warren M. Washington,et al.  A JANUARY SIMULATION EXPERIMENT WITH THE TWO-LAYER VERSION OF THE NCAR GLOBAL CIRCULATION MODEL , 1970 .

[27]  D. Lenschow,et al.  STUDY OF A CONTINENTAL SURFACE ALBEDO ON THE BASIS OF FLIGHT MEASUREMENTS AND STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH'S SURFACE COVER OVER NORTH AMERICA* , 1964 .