Controlling binocular saccades to change fixation in space: a parallel model explanation

Introduces a control scheme of binocular control of eye movements for 3D space exploration. The scheme, based on known anatomy, has been derived following a functional approach; it is able to reproduce many aspects of binocular adaptive control. Binocular control on eye position of the two eyes is achieved by combining an open-loop fast "saccadic" system, operating to produce both common-mode (versional) and differential (vergence) commands, with slow closed-loop system(s) working only in differential mode. The main innovation with respect to previous model proposals is the introduction of vectorial bursters (neural pulse generators), taking advantage from the modulation of the internal activity of the array. The introduction of many burst cells, as it is in nature, lets the model gain adherence to reality and introduces a degree of freedom into the generation of the profiles of the neuronal signals for the ocular plants. This degree a freedom can be used for differentiate the control for the two eyes.

[1]  T. Vilis,et al.  Monocular adaptation of the saccadic system and vestibulo-ocular reflex. , 1988, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[2]  E. Keller.  Participation of medial pontine reticular formation in eye movement generation in monkey. , 1974, Journal of neurophysiology.

[3]  H. G. Lemij,et al.  Short-term nonconjugate adaptation of human saccades to anisometropic spectacles , 1991, Vision Research.

[4]  Paolo Inchingolo,et al.  On the Identification and Analysis of Saccadic Eye Movements-A Quantitative Study of the Processing Procedures , 1985, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[5]  Casper J. Erkelens,et al.  Voluntary binocular gaze-shifts in the plane of regard: Dynamics of version and vergence , 1995, Vision Research.

[6]  David S. Zee,et al.  Disconjugate ocular motor adaptation in rhesus monkey , 1992, Vision Research.

[7]  W. King,et al.  Dynamics and efficacy of saccade-facilitated vergence eye movements in monkeys. , 1992, Journal of neurophysiology.

[8]  T Vilis,et al.  Adaptation of saccadic and vestibulo-ocular systems after extraocular muscle tenectomy. , 1985, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[9]  J. T. Enright.  The remarkable saccades of asymmetrical vergence , 1992, Vision Research.

[10]  J. Steen,et al.  26 – When the Two Eyes See Patterns of Unequal Size They Produce Saccades of Unequal Amplitude , 1994 .

[12]  H. G. Lemij,et al.  Nonconjugate adaptation of human saccades to anisometropic spectacles: Meridianspecificity , 1992, Vision Research.

[13]  J. T. Enright,et al.  Facilitation of vergence changes by saccades: influences of misfocused images and of disparity stimuli in man. , 1986, The Journal of physiology.

[14]  J. T. Enright.  Changes in vergence mediated by saccades. , 1984, The Journal of physiology.

[15]  D L Guyton,et al.  Disconjugate adaptation to long-standing, large-amplitude, spectacle-corrected anisometropia. , 1991, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[16]  H. Collewijn,et al.  Binocular co‐ordination of human horizontal saccadic eye movements. , 1988, The Journal of physiology.

[17]  P. Bruno,et al.  Unequal saccades produced by aniseikonic patterns: a model approach , 1995, Vision Research.

[18]  R M Steinman,et al.  Asymmetrical adaptation of human saccades to anisometropic spectacles. , 1989, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[19]  L M Optican,et al.  Saccade-vergence interactions in humans. , 1992, Journal of neurophysiology.

[20]  J. Steen,et al.  Unequal amplitude saccades produced by aniseikonic patterns: Effects of viewing distance , 1995, Vision Research.