Normwerte in der Abdomensonografie – Aorta, Vena cava inferior, Niere

Zusammenfassung Ziel: Normwerte in der B-Bild-Sonografie des Abdomens werden kontrovers diskutiert aufgrund der begrenzten Datenlage in der Literatur. Es erfolgt eine systematische Zusammenstellung bislang publizierter Daten bez. der großen retroperitonealen Gefäße und der Niere. Methoden: Literatur-Recherche bezüglich Normwerten im Abdomen von 1970 – 2011 an gesunden über 18-jährigen Probanden. In Anlehnung an die Bestimmung von Referenzintervallen für Laborwerte werden Normwerte in der Regel mithilfe von 95 %-Referenzintervallen und den zugehörigen 90 %-Konfidenzintervallen bestimmt. Evaluiert wurden die Diameter der Aorta abdominalis und der Vena cava inferior sowie die Länge, Breite, Dicke, Parenchymdicke und das Volumen der Niere. Ergebnisse: 61 Studien konnten ausgewertet werden. Die für die Aorta ermittelten Normwerte variieren erheblich in Abhängigkeit vom Alter und vom Geschlecht der Probanden, dem Messort und der Messmethode. Die oberen Intervallgrenzen der 95 %-Referenzintervalle liegen zwischen 17 und 40 mm. Der Durchmesser der Vena cava inferior ist abhängig von der Lagerung des Probanden, von der Lokalisation der Messung, von der Respiration und von der Ruheherzfrequenz. Normalbefunde bis zu 27 mm sind möglich. Einflussfaktoren auf die Nierengröße und das Nierenvolumen sind die Seite (rechts/links), das Alter der Probanden, das Geschlecht, anthropometrische Parameter und die ethnische Zugehörigkeit. Für die Nierenlänge kann als Normbereich für mitteleuropäische Frauen 9 cm – 12,8 cm und für Männer 9,2 cm – 13,3 cm angesehen werden. Für die Nierenbreite wurden Intervallgrenzen zwischen 3 cm und 7,1 cm, für die Nierendicke zwischen 2,9 und 6 cm, für die Parenchymdicke zwischen 1,1 cm und 2,3 cm und für das Nierenvolumen zwischen 59 und 230 ml eruiert. Diskussion: Normwerte sind hilfreich für die Abgrenzung zahlreicher pathologischer Prozesse in den jeweiligen Organen.

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