Control of transcription termination in prokaryotes.

A growing number of genetic systems have been shown to be controlled at the level of premature termination of transcription. Genes in this class contain transcription termination signals in the region upstream of the coding sequence. The activity of these regulatory termination signals is controlled through a variety of mechanisms. These include modification of RNA polymerase to a terminator-resistant, or terminator-prone form, and alterations in the structure of the nascent transcript, to determine whether the stem-loop structure of an intrinsic terminator or an alternate antiterminator is formed. Structural alterations in the transcript can be controlled by the kinetics of translation of the RNA, by binding of specific regulatory proteins, and by mRNA-tRNA interactions. This review describes a number of variations on the termination control theme that have been uncovered in prokaryotes.

[1]  S. Ghim,et al.  Characterization of cis-acting mutations in the first attenuator region of the Bacillus subtilis pyr operon that are defective in pyrimidine-mediated regulation of expression , 1996, Journal of bacteriology.

[2]  C. Condon,et al.  Control of rRNA transcription in Escherichia coli. , 1995, Microbiological reviews.

[3]  C. Yanofsky,et al.  Evidence suggesting cis action by the TnaC leader peptide in regulating transcription attenuation in the tryptophanase operon of Escherichia coli , 1995, Journal of bacteriology.

[4]  D. le Coq,et al.  A ribonucleic antiterminator sequence (RAT) and a distant palindrome are both involved in sucrose induction of the Bacillus subtilis sacXY regulatory operon. , 1995, Microbiology.

[5]  D. Court,et al.  Transcription antitermination: the λ paradigm updated , 1995 .

[6]  P. V. von Hippel,et al.  Transcription termination at intrinsic terminators: the role of the RNA hairpin. , 1995, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[7]  C. Yanofsky,et al.  TRAP, the trp RNA-binding attenuation protein of Bacillus subtilis, is a toroid-shaped molecule that binds transcripts containing GAG or UAG repeats separated by two nucleotides. , 1995, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[8]  R. Drew,et al.  Transcriptional analysis of the amidase operon from Pseudomonas aeruginosa , 1995, Journal of bacteriology.

[9]  M. Grunberg‐Manago,et al.  Aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetase gene regulation in Bacillus subtilis: induction, repression and growth‐rate regulation , 1995, Molecular microbiology.

[10]  S. Chattopadhyay,et al.  Bipartite function of a small RNA hairpin in transcription antitermination in bacteriophage lambda. , 1995, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[11]  Min Yang,et al.  The structure of trp RNA-binding attenuation protein , 1995, Nature.

[12]  M. Gottesman,et al.  Phage HK022 Nun Protein Arrests Transcription on Phage λ DNAin vitroand Competes with the Phage λ N Antitermination Protein , 1995 .

[13]  Y. Lu,et al.  Roles of the three transcriptional attenuators of the Bacillus subtilis pyrimidine biosynthetic operon in the regulation of its expression , 1995, Journal of bacteriology.

[14]  P. Sabbattini,et al.  Control of transcription termination by an RNA factor in bacteriophage P4 immunity: identification of the target sites , 1995, Journal of bacteriology.

[15]  Y. Sha,et al.  RNA determinants required for L4-mediated attenuation control of the S10 r-protein operon of Escherichia coli. , 1995, Journal of molecular biology.

[16]  Y. Sha,et al.  Role of NusA in L4-mediated attenuation control of the S10 r-protein operon of Escherichia coli. , 1995, Journal of molecular biology.

[17]  M. Grunberg‐Manago,et al.  Bacterial Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases: Genes and Regulation of Expression† , 1995 .

[18]  A. Das,et al.  Control of transcription processivity in phage lambda: Nus factors strengthen the termination-resistant state of RNA polymerase induced by N antiterminator. , 1994, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[19]  T. Henkin Micro Review tRNA‐dircted transcription antitermination , 1994 .

[20]  T. Henkin,et al.  Interaction between the acceptor end of tRNA and the T box stimulates antitermination in the Bacillus subtilis tyrS gene: a new role for the discriminator base , 1994, Journal of bacteriology.

[21]  Jeffrey W. Roberts,et al.  Function of a nontranscribed DNA strand site in transcription elongation , 1994, Cell.

[22]  S. Zahler,et al.  Mutations in the gene for a tRNA that functions as a regulator of a transcriptional attenuator in Bacillus subtilis. , 1994, Genetics.

[23]  C. Yanofsky,et al.  TRAP, the trp RNA-binding attenuation protein of Bacillus subtilis, is a multisubunit complex that appears to recognize G/UAG repeats in the trpEDCFBA and trpG transcripts. , 1994, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[24]  Y. Lu,et al.  Regulation of the Bacillus subtilis pyrimidine biosynthetic (pyr) gene cluster by an autogenous transcriptional attenuation mechanism , 1994, Journal of bacteriology.

[25]  P. Gollnick Regulation of the Bacillus subtilis trp operon by an RNA‐binding protein , 1994, Molecular microbiology.

[26]  D. Court,et al.  Bacteriophage lambda N-dependent transcription antitermination. Competition for an RNA site may regulate antitermination. , 1994, Journal of molecular biology.

[27]  J. Calvo,et al.  Regions of the Bacillus subtilis ilv-leu operon involved in regulation by leucine , 1993, Journal of bacteriology.

[28]  E. Nudler,et al.  Bacteriophage T4 Alc protein: A transcription termination factor sensing local modification of DNA , 1993, Cell.

[29]  L. Pearl,et al.  Antitermination of amidase expression in Pseudomonas aeruginosa is controlled by a novel cytoplasmic amide‐binding protein. , 1993, The EMBO journal.

[30]  T. Henkin,et al.  tRNA as a positive regulator of transcription antitermination in B. subtilis , 1993, Cell.

[31]  C. Yanofsky,et al.  Inhibition of expression of the tryptophanase operon in Escherichia coli by extrachromosomal copies of the tna leader region , 1993, Journal of bacteriology.

[32]  Jeffrey W. Roberts RNA and protein elements of E. coli and λ transcription antitermination complexes , 1993, Cell.

[33]  J. Greenblatt,et al.  Ribosomal RNA antitermination in vitro: requirement for Nus factors and one or more unidentified cellular components. , 1993, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[34]  J. Greenblatt,et al.  Recognition of boxA antiterminator RNA by the E. coli antitermination factors NusB and ribosomal protein S10 , 1993, Cell.

[35]  R. Weisberg,et al.  Antitermination of early transcription in phage HK022. Absence of a phage-encoded antitermination factor. , 1993, Journal of molecular biology.

[36]  O. Amster-Choder,et al.  Transcriptional regulation of the bgl operon of Escherichia coli involves phosphotransferase system‐mediated phosphorylation of a transcriptional antiterminator , 1993, Journal of cellular biochemistry.

[37]  R. Switzer,et al.  De Novo Pyrimidine Nucleotide Synthesis , 1993 .

[38]  R. Losick,et al.  Bacillus Subtilis and Other Gram-Positive Bacteria: Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Genetics , 1993 .

[39]  A. Das Control of transcription termination by RNA-binding proteins. , 1993, Annual review of biochemistry.

[40]  Joyce Li,et al.  Elongation factor NusG interacts with termination factor rho to regulate termination and antitermination of transcription. , 1993, Genes & development.

[41]  P Gollnick,et al.  MtrB from Bacillus subtilis binds specifically to trp leader RNA in a tryptophan-dependent manner. , 1993, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[42]  C. Yanofsky,et al.  Reconstitution of Bacillus subtilis trp attenuation in vitro with TRAP, the trp RNA-binding attenuation protein. , 1993, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[43]  S. Aymerich,et al.  Specificity determinants and structural features in the RNA target of the bacterial antiterminator proteins of the BglG/SacY family. , 1992, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[44]  P. Sabbattini,et al.  Bacteriophage P4 immunity controlled by small RNAs via transcription termination , 1992, Molecular microbiology.

[45]  B. Sanson,et al.  Sequence and characterization of the bacteriophage T4 comC alpha gene product, a possible transcription antitermination factor , 1992, Journal of bacteriology.

[46]  O. Amster-Choder,et al.  Modulation of the dimerization of a transcriptional antiterminator protein by phosphorylation. , 1992, Science.

[47]  M Grunberg-Manago,et al.  Co‐ordinate expression of the two threonyl‐tRNA synthetase genes in Bacillus subtilis: control by transcriptional antitermination involving a conserved regulatory sequence. , 1992, The EMBO journal.

[48]  Jeffrey W. Roberts,et al.  The phage λ gene Q transcription antiterminator binds DNA in the late gene promoter as it modifies RNA polymerase , 1992, Cell.

[49]  P. B. Vander Horn,et al.  Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the leucyl-tRNA synthetase gene of Bacillus subtilis , 1992, Journal of bacteriology.

[50]  M. Arnaud,et al.  Regulation of the sacPA operon of Bacillus subtilis: identification of phosphotransferase system components involved in SacT activity , 1992, Journal of bacteriology.

[51]  J. Calvo,et al.  Transcriptional regulation of the ilv-leu operon of Bacillus subtilis , 1992, Journal of bacteriology.

[52]  M. Gottesman,et al.  Requirement for E. coli NusG protein in factor-dependent transcription termination , 1992, Cell.

[53]  T. Henkin,et al.  Analysis of the Bacillus subtilis tyrS gene: conservation of a regulatory sequence in multiple tRNA synthetase genes , 1992, Journal of bacteriology.

[54]  J. Dixon,et al.  De novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis. , 1992, Progress in nucleic acid research and molecular biology.

[55]  J. Greenblatt,et al.  The nut site of bacteriophage lambda is made of RNA and is bound by transcription antitermination factors on the surface of RNA polymerase. , 1991, Genes & development.

[56]  R. Calendar,et al.  The Psu protein of bacteriophage P4 is an antitermination factor for rho-dependent transcription termination , 1991, Journal of bacteriology.

[57]  M. Gottesman,et al.  Escherichia coli mutations that block transcription termination by phage HK022 Nun protein. , 1991, Journal of molecular biology.

[58]  Andrew Wright,et al.  Transcriptional antitermination in the bgl operon of E. coli is modulated by a specific RNA binding protein , 1990, Cell.

[59]  O. Amster-Choder,et al.  Regulation of activity of a transcriptional anti-terminator in E. coli by phosphorylation in vivo. , 1990, Science.

[60]  C. Yanofsky,et al.  tRNA(Trp) translation of leader peptide codon 12 and other factors that regulate expression of the tryptophanase operon , 1990, Journal of bacteriology.

[61]  C. Squires,et al.  Antitermination of characterized transcriptional terminators by the Escherichia coli rrnG leader region. , 1990, Journal of molecular biology.

[62]  L. Lindahl,et al.  Escherichia coli ribosomal protein L4 stimulates transcription termination at a specific site in the leader of the S10 operon independent of L4-mediated inhibition of translation. , 1990, Journal of molecular biology.

[63]  L. Lindahl,et al.  Ribosomal protein L4 stimulates in vitro termination of transcription at a NusA-dependent terminator in the S10 operon leader. , 1990, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[64]  S. Aymerich,et al.  Induction of levansucrase in Bacillus subtilis: an antitermination mechanism negatively controlled by the phosphotransferase system , 1990, Journal of bacteriology.

[65]  C. Squires,et al.  Ribosomal RNA operon anti-termination. Function of leader and spacer region box B-box A sequences and their conservation in diverse micro-organisms. , 1989, Journal of molecular biology.

[66]  Andrew Wright,et al.  Protein phosphorylation regulates transcription of the β-glucoside utilization operon in E. coli , 1989, Cell.

[67]  B. Stitt,et al.  Impaired expression of certain prereplicative bacteriophage T4 genes explains impaired T4 DNA synthesis in Escherichia coli rho (nusD) mutants , 1989, Journal of bacteriology.

[68]  N. Lowe,et al.  Positive control of Pseudomonas aeruginosa amidase synthesis is mediated by a transcription anti-termination mechanism. , 1989, Journal of general microbiology.

[69]  S. Aymerich,et al.  Induction of saccharolytic enzymes by sucrose in Bacillus subtilis: evidence for two partially interchangeable regulatory pathways , 1989, Journal of bacteriology.

[70]  B. Rak,et al.  Regulation of the bgl operon of Escherichia coli by transcriptional antitermination. , 1988, The EMBO journal.

[71]  A. Das,et al.  NusA protein is necessary and sufficient in vitro for phage lambda N gene product to suppress a rho-independent terminator placed downstream of nutL. , 1988, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[72]  D. Ebbole,et al.  Organization and regulation of genes encoding biosynthetic enzymes in Bacillus subtilis. , 1988, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[73]  R. Weisberg,et al.  The remarkable specificity of a new transcription termination factor suggests that the mechanisms of termination and antitermination are similar , 1987, Cell.

[74]  Andrew Wright,et al.  A bacterial gene involved in transcription antitermination: Regulation at a rho-independent terminator in the bgl operon of E. coli , 1987, Cell.

[75]  F. Neidhardt,et al.  Escherichia Coli and Salmonella: Typhimurium Cellular and Molecular Biology , 1987 .

[76]  K. Shigesada,et al.  Autogenous regulation of the gene for transcription termination factor rho in Escherichia coli: localization and function of its attenuators , 1986, Journal of bacteriology.

[77]  C. Yanofsky,et al.  Novel form of transcription attenuation regulates expression the Bacillus subtilis tryptophan operon , 1986, Journal of bacteriology.

[78]  Jeffrey W. Roberts,et al.  Phage lambda gene Q antiterminator recognizes RNA polymerase near the promoter and accelerates it through a pause site , 1985, Cell.

[79]  S. Barik,et al.  Autogenous regulation of transcription termination factor Rho. , 1985, Journal of molecular biology.

[80]  C. Turnbough,et al.  Attenuation control of pyrBI operon expression in Escherichia coli K-12. , 1983, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[81]  C. Yanofsky,et al.  Pausing of RNA polymerase during in vitro transcription of the tryptophan operon leader region. , 1981, Biochemistry.

[82]  C. Yanofsky,et al.  Single base-pair alterations in the Escherichia coli trp operon leader region that relieve transcription termination at the trp attenuator. , 1978, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[83]  C. Yanofsky,et al.  Translation of the leader region of the Escherichia coli tryptophan operon , 1978, Journal of bacteriology.

[84]  C Yanofsky,et al.  Transcription termination in vivo in the leader region of the tryptophan operon of Escherichia coli. , 1976, Journal of molecular biology.

[85]  C. Yanofsky,et al.  Regulation of transcription termination in the leader region of the tryptophan operon of Escherichia coli involves tryptophan or its metabolic product. , 1976, Journal of molecular biology.

[86]  Jeffrey W. Roberts Termination Factor for RNA Synthesis , 1969, Nature.