Urban warming trends in several large Asian cities over the last 100 years.

In this paper, the long-term trends in surface temperature in several large Asian cities (Seoul, Tokyo, Osaka, Taipei, Manila, Bangkok, and Jakarta) have been analyzed for estimating the effects of urban warming. A new index, E-HII, is proposed: it is the value obtained by subtracting the temperature data of the four grids around the city from the observational temperature data in the city. Osaka shows the largest E-HII, increasing from approximately 2.4 degrees C in 1901 to almost 3 degrees C after 1981. The E-HIIs of Seoul, Tokyo, and Taipei, have increased by 1 degrees C to 2 degrees C. Jakarta and Bangkok exhibited a lower E-HII. E-HIIs of Manila and Bangkok have been increasing rapidly after 1961.

[1]  T. D. Mitchell,et al.  An improved method of constructing a database of monthly climate observations and associated high‐resolution grids , 2005 .

[2]  T. Mikami.  Long term variations of summer temperatures in Tokyo since 1721 , 1996 .

[3]  Jong-Jin Baik,et al.  Maximum Urban Heat Island Intensity in Seoul , 2002 .

[4]  U. Chung,et al.  Urbanization Effect on the Observed Change in Mean Monthly Temperatures between 1951-1980 and 1971-2000 in Korea , 2004 .

[5]  P. Jones,et al.  Representing Twentieth-Century Space-Time Climate Variability. Part II: Development of 1901-96 Monthly Grids of Terrestrial Surface Climate , 2000 .

[6]  H. Kato.  A Statistical Method for Separating Urban Effect Trends from Observed Temperature Data and its Appli , 1996 .

[7]  Peter Droege,et al.  Urban Energy Transition: From Fossil Fuels to Renewable Power , 2008 .

[8]  T. Oke.  City size and the urban heat island , 1973 .

[9]  M. Taniguchi,et al.  Combined Effects of Urbanization and Global Warming on Subsurface Temperature in Four Asian Cities , 2007 .

[10]  P. Jones,et al.  Recovery of nineteenth‐century Tokyo/Osaka meteorological data in Japan , 2006 .

[11]  Hye-Sook Park.  Features of the heat island in seoul and its surrounding cities , 1986 .

[12]  F. Fujibe.  An increasing trend of extremely hot days in the inland of the Kanto plain and its relation to urban effects , 1998 .

[13]  Yasushi Sakakibara,et al.  Urban–rural temperature differences in coastal cities: influence of rural sites , 2005 .

[14]  S. Yamashita,et al.  Detailed structure of heat island phenomena from moving observations from electric tram-cars in Metropolitan Tokyo , 1996 .

[15]  Makoto Taniguchi,et al.  Detecting urbanization effects on surface and subsurface thermal environment--a case study of Osaka. , 2009, The Science of the total environment.

[16]  Ahmed Memon Rizwan,et al.  A review on the generation, determination and mitigation of Urban Heat Island , 2008 .

[17]  J. Monteith,et al.  Boundary Layer Climates. , 1979 .

[18]  F. Fujibe.  Time-of-the-Day Dependence of Long-Term Temperature Changes at Urban Meteorological Stations in Japan , 1997 .

[19]  Y. Yasuoka,et al.  Assessment with satellite data of the urban heat island effects in Asian mega cities , 2006 .

[20]  Kiyotaka Nakagawa.  Recent Trends of Urban Climatological Studies in Japan, with Special Emphasis on the Thermal Environments of Urban Areas , 1996 .

[21]  T. Ichinose.  REGIONAL WARMING RELATED TO LAND USE CHANGE DURING RECENT 135 YEARS IN JAPAN , 2003 .

[22]  Toshiaki Ichinose,et al.  Chapter 15 – Counteracting Urban Heat Islands in Japan , 2008 .