Universal quantum estimation

A general method is presented for estimating the ensemble average of all operators of arbitrary quantum system from a set of measurements of a quorum of observables. A procedure for deconvolving any kind of instrumental noise is established. Physical implementations and measuring apparatuses are considered. Existing measuring procedures are derived as examples of application of the present general method. New measuring procedures are obtained which apply to different physical contexts. q 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

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