Radio jet structures at ∼100 pc and larger scales of the γ-ray-emitting narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy PMN J0948+0022

The narrow-line Seyfert 1 (NLS1) galaxy PMN J0948+0022 is an archetype of γ-ray-emitting NLS1s in active galactic nuclei (AGNs). In this study, we investigate its radio structures using archival data obtained using the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) and the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA). The new VLA images reveal an outermost radio emission separated by 9.1 arcsec. Its resolved structure and steep spectrum suggest a terminal shock in a radio lobe energized by the jet from the PMN J0948+0022 nucleus. This large-scale radio component is found at almost the same position angle as that of the pc-scale jet, indicating a stable jet direction up to ∼1 Mpc. Its apparent one-sidedness implies a moderate advancing speed (β > 0.27). The kinematic age of <1× 107 yr of the jet activity is consistent with the expected NLS1 phase of ∼107 yr in the AGN lifetime. The VLBA image reveals the jet structure at distances ranging from r = 0.82 milliarcsec to 3.5 milliarcsec, corresponding to approximately 100 pc, where superluminal motions were found. The jet width profile (∝ r1.12) and flux-density profile (∝ r−1.44) depending on the distance r along the jet suggest that the jet kinetic energy is converted to internal energy in this region. The jet is causally connected in a nearly conical streamline, which is supported by ambient pressure at 100 pc scales in the host galaxy of PMN J0948+0022.

[1]  A. Treves,et al.  Optical Spectroscopic Survey of a Sample of Unidentified Fermi Objects , 2017, The Astrophysical Journal.

[2]  N. Zakamska,et al.  Hot self-similar relativistic MHD flows , 2019 .

[3]  C. .. Stalin,et al.  Rare Finding of a 100 Kpc Large, Double-lobed Radio Galaxy Hosted in the Narrow-line Seyfert 1 Galaxy SDSS J103024.95+551622.7 , 2018, The Astrophysical Journal.

[4]  A. Lahteenmaki,et al.  Radio jets and gamma-ray emission in radio-silent narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies , 2018, Astronomy & Astrophysics.

[5]  K. Wajima,et al.  Collimation, Acceleration, and Recollimation Shock in the Jet of Gamma-Ray Emitting Radio-loud Narrow-line Seyfert 1 Galaxy 1H0323+342 , 2018, The Astrophysical Journal.

[6]  M. Kino,et al.  A Recollimation Shock in a Stationary Jet Feature with Limb-brightening in the Gamma-Ray-emitting Narrow-line Seyfert 1 Galaxy 1H 0323+342 , 2018, 1804.03776.

[7]  Y. Murata,et al.  Finding Transitions of Physical Condition in Jets from Observations over the Range of 103–109 Schwarzschild Radii in Radio Galaxy NGC 4261 , 2018 .

[8]  S. Komossa,et al.  SDSS J211852.96-073227.5: a new γ-ray flaring narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy , 2018, 1801.03963.

[9]  A. Caccianiga,et al.  Radio-emitting narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies in the JVLA perspective , 2018, Astronomy & Astrophysics.

[10]  D. Hartmann,et al.  Gamma-Ray-emitting Narrow-line Seyfert 1 Galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey , 2018, 1801.01905.

[11]  T. Morokuma,et al.  The radio structure of the peculiar narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy candidate J1100+4421 , 2017, 1709.07202.

[12]  M. Lister,et al.  MOJAVE. XV. VLBA 15 GHz Total Intensity and Polarization Maps of 437 Parsec-scale AGN Jets from 1996 to 2017 , 2017, 1711.07802.

[13]  M. Lister,et al.  MOJAVE - XIV. Shapes and opening angles of AGN jets , 2017, 1705.02888.

[14]  D. L. Harrison,et al.  37 GHz observations of narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies , 2017, 1703.10365.

[15]  K. Asada,et al.  INDICATION OF THE BLACK HOLE POWERED JET IN M87 BY VSOP OBSERVATIONS , 2016 .

[16]  J. Algaba,et al.  STRUCTURAL TRANSITION IN THE NGC 6251 JET: AN INTERPLAY WITH THE SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE AND ITS HOST GALAXY , 2016, 1610.06351.

[17]  Inner jet kinematics and the viewing angle towards the γ-ray narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy 1H 0323+342 , 2016, 1608.03232.

[18]  T. Oyama,et al.  A Radio Detection Survey of Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies using Very-Long-Baseline Interferometry at 22 GHz , 2016, 1603.04593.

[19]  E. Ros,et al.  MOJAVE. XIII. PARSEC-SCALE AGN JET KINEMATICS ANALYSIS BASED ON 19 YEARS OF VLBA OBSERVATIONS AT 15 GHz , 2016, 1603.03882.

[20]  M. Gu,et al.  Discovery of $\gamma$-ray emission from steep radio spectrum NLS1s , 2015, 1510.05584.

[21]  S. Komossa,et al.  Identification of a new γ-ray-emitting narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy, at redshift ∼1 , 2015, 1509.03030.

[22]  K. Wajima,et al.  THE RADIO PROPERTIES OF RADIO-LOUD NARROW-LINE SEYFERT 1 GALAXIES ON PARSEC SCALES , 2015, 1509.01889.

[23]  Kiloparsec-Scale Jets in Three Radio-Loud Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies , 2015, 1501.05299.

[24]  S. Komossa,et al.  Radio jet emission from GeV-emitting narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies , 2015, 1501.02158.

[25]  Robert H. Becker,et al.  THE LAST OF FIRST: THE FINAL CATALOG AND SOURCE IDENTIFICATIONS , 2015, 1501.01555.

[26]  O. Porth,et al.  Causality and stability of cosmic jets , 2014, 1408.3318.

[27]  K. Wajima,et al.  A FANAROFF–RILEY TYPE I CANDIDATE IN NARROW-LINE SEYFERT 1 GALAXY Mrk 1239 , 2014, 1412.3308.

[28]  E. Pueschel,et al.  The most powerful flaring activity from the NLSy1 PMN J0948+0022 , 2014, 1410.7144.

[29]  D. Grupe,et al.  Properties of flat-spectrum radio-loud Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies , 2014, 1409.3716.

[30]  M. Kino,et al.  LIMB-BRIGHTENED JET OF 3C 84 REVEALED BY THE 43 GHz VERY-LONG-BASELINE-ARRAY OBSERVATION , 2014, 1402.5930.

[31]  A. Drake,et al.  Multiwavelength observations of the γ-ray-emitting narrow-line Seyfert 1 PMN J0948+0022 in 2011 , 2013, 1312.5522.

[32]  S. Bhattacharyya,et al.  The XMM–Newton view of the radio-loud narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy PMN J0948+0022 , 2013, 1301.1150.

[33]  J. Zensus,et al.  Causal connection in parsec-scale relativistic jets: results from the MOJAVE VLBI survey , 2013, 1308.5231.

[34]  Yasuyuki T. Tanaka,et al.  MINUTE-SCALE RAPID VARIABILITY OF THE OPTICAL POLARIZATION IN THE NARROW-LINE SEYFERT 1 GALAXY PMN J0948+0022 , 2013, 1308.4478.

[35]  A. Readhead,et al.  Multifrequency studies of the narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy SBS 0846+513 , 2013, 1308.3709.

[36]  L. Ho,et al.  Coevolution (Or Not) of Supermassive Black Holes and Host Galaxies: Supplemental Material , 2013, 1304.7762.

[37]  K. Wajima,et al.  VERY LONG BASELINE ARRAY IMAGING OF PARSEC-SCALE RADIO EMISSIONS IN NEARBY RADIO-QUIET NARROW-LINE SEYFERT 1 GALAXIES , 2013, 1301.4758.

[38]  H. R. Miller,et al.  THE VARIABLE OPTICAL POLARIZATION AND FERMI OBSERVATIONS OF PMN J0948+0022 , 2013, 1301.0657.

[39]  M. Colpi,et al.  Black hole mass estimate for a sample of radio-loud narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies , 2012, 1212.1181.

[40]  H. R. Miller,et al.  THE EXTREME OPTICAL VARIABILITY OF J0948+0022 , 2012, 1211.3082.

[41]  B. Kumar,et al.  Intranight optical variability of \gamma-ray loud Narrow Line Seyfert 1 galaxies , 2012, 1210.4387.

[42]  L. Ho,et al.  RAPID INFRARED VARIABILITY OF THREE RADIO-LOUD NARROW-LINE SEYFERT 1 GALAXIES: A VIEW FROM THE WIDE-FIELD INFRARED SURVEY EXPLORER , 2012, 1210.2800.

[43]  M. Kino,et al.  KILOPARSEC-SCALE RADIO STRUCTURES IN NARROW-LINE SEYFERT 1 GALAXIES , 2012, 1210.1303.

[44]  D. Thompson,et al.  Radio-to-γ-ray monitoring of the narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy PMN J0948+0022 from 2008 to 2011 , , 2012, 1209.5867.

[45]  A. Readhead,et al.  SBS 0846+513: a new γ-ray-emitting narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy , 2012, 1207.3092.

[46]  Masanori Nakamura,et al.  THE STRUCTURE OF THE M87 JET: A TRANSITION FROM PARABOLIC TO CONICAL STREAMLINES , 2011, 1110.1793.

[47]  M. Voit,et al.  RADIATIVE PROCESSES , 2012 .

[48]  S. Kameno,et al.  MILLIMETER RADIO CONTINUUM EMISSIONS AS THE ACTIVITY OF SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES IN NEARBY EARLY-TYPE GALAXIES AND LOW-LUMINOSITY ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI , 2011, 1106.5627.

[49]  L. Foschini.  Evidence of powerful relativistic jets in narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies , 2011, 1105.0772.

[50]  R. M. Campbell,et al.  Global e-VLBI observations of the gamma-ray narrow line Seyfert 1 PMN J0948+0022 , 2011, 1102.3264.

[51]  P. G. Jonker,et al.  American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts , 2011 .

[52]  D. Thompson,et al.  The first gamma-ray outburst of a Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxy: the case of PMN J0948+0022 in July 2010 , 2010, 1010.4434.

[53]  D. Grupe,et al.  A PANCHROMATIC VIEW OF PKS 0558−504: AN IDEAL LABORATORY TO STUDY THE DISK–JET LINK , 2010, 1005.4933.

[54]  Jing Wang,et al.  VIOLENT INTRANIGHT OPTICAL VARIABILITY OF A RADIO-LOUD NARROW-LINE SEYFERT 1 GALAXY: SDSS J094857.3+002225 , 2010, 1005.0916.

[55]  Karen M. Leighly,et al.  THE SIMULTANEOUS OPTICAL-TO-X-RAY SPECTRAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTION OF SOFT X-RAY SELECTED ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI OBSERVED BY SWIFT , 2010, 1001.3140.

[56]  J. Chiang,et al.  RADIO-LOUD NARROW-LINE SEYFERT 1 AS A NEW CLASS OF GAMMA-RAY ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI , 2009, 0911.3485.

[57]  M. Giroletti,et al.  THE FAINTEST SEYFERT RADIO CORES REVEALED BY VLBI , 2009, 0910.5821.

[58]  E. Recillas,et al.  MULTIWAVELENGTH MONITORING OF THE ENIGMATIC NARROW-LINE SEYFERT 1 PMN J0948+0022 IN 2009 MARCH–JULY , 2009, 0910.4540.

[59]  M. Lister,et al.  Jet opening angles and gamma-ray brightness of AGN , 2009, 0910.1813.

[60]  Jean-Luc Starck,et al.  FERMI/LARGE AREA TELESCOPE DISCOVERY OF GAMMA-RAY EMISSION FROM A RELATIVISTIC JET IN THE NARROW-LINE QUASAR PMN J0948+0022 , 2009, 0908.3313.

[61]  S. Komissarov,et al.  Magnetic acceleration of ultrarelativistic jets in gamma-ray burst sources , 2008, 0811.1467.

[62]  M. Kino,et al.  The Fate of Young Radio Galaxies: Decelerations Inside Host Galaxies? , 2008, 0807.2103.

[63]  S. Komossa,et al.  ACCEPTED FOR PUBLICATION IN APJ Preprint typeset using LATEX style emulateapj v. 08/13/06 A POPULATION OF RADIO-LOUD NARROW LINE SEYFERT 1 GALAXIES WITH BLAZAR-LIKE PROPERTIES? , 2022 .

[64]  A. Tchekhovskoy,et al.  Simulations of ultrarelativistic magnetodynamic jets from gamma‐ray burst engines , 2008, 0803.3807.

[65]  Stanford,et al.  Hot Self-Similar Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamic Flows , 2008, 0801.1120.

[66]  S. Komissarov,et al.  Magnetic acceleration of relativistic active galactic nucleus jets , 2007 .

[67]  S. Komissarov,et al.  Magnetic acceleration of relativistic AGN jets , 2007 .

[68]  K. Wajima,et al.  VLBI Observations of the Most Radio-Loud, Narrow-Line Quasar SDSS J094857.3 + 002225 , 2006, astro-ph/0608507.

[69]  W. Voges,et al.  Optical identification of ROSAT-FSC sources , 2006 .

[70]  Hongyan Zhou,et al.  A Comprehensive Study of 2000 Narrow Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. I. The Sample , 2006, astro-ph/0603759.

[71]  H. Adorf,et al.  Radio-loud Narrow-Line Type 1 Quasars , 2006, astro-ph/0603680.

[72]  P. Padovani,et al.  VLA Observations of a New Population of Blazars , 2005, astro-ph/0509718.

[73]  M. Cohen,et al.  MOJAVE: MONITORING OF JETS IN ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI WITH VLBA EXPERIMENTS. XI. SPECTRAL DISTRIBUTIONS , 2014, 1404.0014.

[74]  Paul S. Smith,et al.  Polarimetric Observations of 15 Active Galactic Nuclei at High Frequencies: Jet Kinematics from Bimonthly Monitoring with the Very Long Baseline Array , 2005, astro-ph/0502501.

[75]  G. Ghisellini,et al.  Structured jets in TeV BL Lac objects and radiogalaxies. Implications for the observed properties , 2004, astro-ph/0406093.

[76]  T. Kawaguchi,et al.  Super-Eddington accretion rates in Narrow Line Seyfert 1 galaxies , 2004, astro-ph/0407181.

[77]  K. Aoki,et al.  Growth of massive black holes by super-Eddington accretion , 2004, astro-ph/0405024.

[78]  H. Falcke,et al.  Motion and properties of nuclear radio components in Seyfert galaxies seen with VLBI , 2004, astro-ph/0402142.

[79]  Cheng Li,et al.  SDSS J094857.3+002225: A Very Radio Loud, Narrow-Line Quasar with Relativistic Jets? , 2003 .

[80]  S. Mathur,et al.  Narrow-line Seyfert 1 Galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Early Data Release , 2002, astro-ph/0208211.

[81]  M. Ostrowski,et al.  Radiation from the Relativistic Jet: A Role of the Shear Boundary Layer , 2002, astro-ph/0203040.

[82]  Andre Heck,et al.  Information Handling in Astronomy - Historical Vistas , 2002 .

[83]  G. Ghisellini,et al.  The dividing line between fr I and fr II radio-galaxies , 2001, astro-ph/0106570.

[84]  K. Leighly.  A Comprehensive Spectral and Variability Study of Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies Observed by ASCA. II. Spectral Analysis and Correlations , 1999, astro-ph/9907294.

[85]  Richard L. White,et al.  The FIRST Survey: Faint Images of the Radio Sky at twenty centimeters , 1995 .

[86]  E. Greisen,et al.  The NRAO VLA Sky Survey , 1996 .

[87]  P. Padovani,et al.  Relativistic bulk motion in active galactic nuclei , 1993 .

[88]  Maarten Schmidt,et al.  VLA observations of objects in the Palomar Bright Quasar Survey , 1989 .

[89]  R. Goodrich.  Spectropolarimetry of 'narrow-line' Seyfert 1 galaxies , 1989 .

[90]  D. Osterbrock,et al.  The spectra of narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies , 1985 .

[91]  Roger D. Blandford,et al.  Relativistic jets as compact radio sources , 1979 .

[92]  G. Rybicki,et al.  Radiative processes in astrophysics , 1979 .

[93]  J. Riley,et al.  The Morphology of Extragalactic Radio Sources of High and Low Luminosity , 1974 .