Functional imaging and language: A critical guide to methodology and analysis

This paper summarizes the methodology involved in functional neuroimaging, both experimental designs and data analyses. It is intended as a general introduction to the techniques and terminology involved, and aimed at speech scientists new to the area. The methods covered are positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Other imaging methods, reliant on the pattern of electrical discharges associated with neural activity, have also been used clinically and experimentally, and provide excellent temporal resolution but poor spatial resolution. It is not within the scope of this review to address these. The emphasis is on potential criticisms and problems concerning PET and fMRI, since much has already been published about the advantages, real or perceived. The strengths and weaknesses of PET and fMRI are addressed, with reference to language studies.