Prevalence and determinants of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in women from Bogota, Colombia.

OBJECTIVES Chlamydia trachomatis infection in the cervix and uterus has been hypothesised to be a co-factor for cervical cancer. We performed a cross sectional study in Bogota, Colombia, where cervical cancer rates are high, to determine the prevalence and determinants of C trachomatis infection, and in particular its association with human papillomavirus (HPV). METHODS 1829 low income sexually active women were interviewed and tested for C trachomatis, using an endogenous plasmid PCR-EIA, and for 37 HPV types, using a general primer GP5+/6+ mediated PCR-EIA. RESULTS The overall prevalence of C trachomatis was 5.0%, and it did not differ substantially between women with normal (5.0%) and those with abnormal (5.2%) cervical cytology. Women infected with any HPV type (15.1%) had a slightly increased risk of being simultaneously infected with C trachomatis (adjusted OR 1.3, 95% CI: 0.8 to 2.4). This association was stronger when multiple HPV infections (adjusted OR 2.5, 95% CI: 1.1 to 5.9) were present. No other lifestyle or reproductive characteristics were clearly associated with risk of C trachomatis infection. CONCLUSIONS HPV infected women, particularly women with multiple HPV infections, are at increased risk of being infected with C trachomatis.

[1]  S. Franceschi,et al.  Prevalence and determinants of HPV infection among Colombian women with normal cytology , 2002, British Journal of Cancer.

[2]  P. Coursaget,et al.  Risk factors of invasive cervical cancer in Mali. , 2002, International journal of epidemiology.

[3]  N. Muñoz,et al.  HPV types and cofactors causing cervical cancer in Peru , 2001, British Journal of Cancer.

[4]  P. Saikku,et al.  Serotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis and risk for development of cervical squamous cell carcinoma. , 2001, JAMA.

[5]  P. Castle,et al.  Chlamydia trachomatis and cervical squamous cell carcinoma. , 2001, JAMA.

[6]  N. Muñoz,et al.  Human papillomavirus infection and invasive cervical cancer in Paraguay , 2000, International journal of cancer.

[7]  T. Bjørge,et al.  Chlamydia trachomatis infection as a risk factor for invasive cervical cancer , 2000, International journal of cancer.

[8]  S. Kjaer,et al.  PCR-detected Chlamydia trachomatis infections from the uterine cervix of young women from the general population: prevalence and risk determinants. , 1999, Sexually transmitted diseases.

[9]  T. Wright,et al.  Cervical ectopy and the transformation zone measured by computerized planimetry in adolescents , 1999, International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics.

[10]  I. Nindl,et al.  Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis DNA in cervical samples with regard to infection by human papillomavirus. , 1999, The Journal of infection.

[11]  J. Walboomers,et al.  Monitoring of Chlamydia trachomatis infections after antibiotic treatment using RNA detection by nucleic acid sequence based amplification. , 1998, Molecular pathology : MP.

[12]  N. Muñoz,et al.  The viral origin of cervical cancer in Rabat, Morocco , 1998, International journal of cancer.

[13]  Y. V. van Duynhoven,et al.  Chlamydia trachomatis genotypes: correlation with clinical manifestations of infection and patients' characteristics. , 1998, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[14]  F. X. Bosch,et al.  Causes of cervical cancer in the Philippines: a case-control study. , 1998, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[15]  F. X. Bosch,et al.  Risk factors for cervical cancer in Thailand: a case-control study. , 1998, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[16]  M. Sherman,et al.  Determinants for genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in 1000 randomly chosen young Danish women with normal Pap smear: are there different risk profiles for oncogenic and nononcogenic HPV types? , 1997, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[17]  T. Bjørge,et al.  Prospective seroepidemiologic study of human papillomavirus infection as a risk factor for invasive cervical cancer. , 1997, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[18]  G. Ridgway,et al.  Comparison of two methods of screening for genital chlamydial infection in women attending in general practice: cross sectional survey , 1997, BMJ.

[19]  C. Meijer,et al.  A general primer GP5+/GP6(+)-mediated PCR-enzyme immunoassay method for rapid detection of 14 high-risk and 6 low-risk human papillomavirus genotypes in cervical scrapings , 1997, Journal of clinical microbiology.

[20]  H. Handsfield,et al.  Performance and Cost‐Effectiveness of Selective Screening Criteria for Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in Women: Implications for a National Chlamydia Control Strategy , 1997, Sexually transmitted diseases.

[21]  W. M. Mac Kenzie,et al.  Recurrent chlamydial infections increase the risks of hospitalization for ectopic pregnancy and pelvic inflammatory disease. , 1997, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[22]  J. Walboomers,et al.  RNA amplification by nucleic acid sequence-based amplification with an internal standard enables reliable detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in cervical scrapings and urine samples , 1996, Journal of clinical microbiology.

[23]  J. Barrow,et al.  A Tale of Two Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Prevalences and Predictors of Chlamydia and Gonorrhea in Women Attending Colorado Family Planning Clinics , 1996, Sexually transmitted diseases.

[24]  J. Walboomers,et al.  Prevalence and serovar distribution of asymptomatic cervical Chlamydia trachomatis infections as determined by highly sensitive PCR , 1995, Journal of clinical microbiology.

[25]  J. Walboomers,et al.  Chlamydia trachomatis and ectopic pregnancy: retrospective analysis of salpingectomy specimens, endometrial biopsies, and cervical smears. , 1995, Journal of clinical pathology.

[26]  C. Meijer,et al.  The use of general primers GP5 and GP6 elongated at their 3' ends with adjacent highly conserved sequences improves human papillomavirus detection by PCR. , 1995, The Journal of general virology.

[27]  C. Meijer,et al.  Analysis of cytomorphologically abnormal cervical scrapes for the presence of 27 mucosotropic human papillomavirus genotypes, using polymerase chain reaction , 1994, International journal of cancer.

[28]  F. X. Bosch,et al.  Human papillomavirus and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade III/carcinoma in situ: a case-control study in Spain and Colombia. , 1993, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[29]  R. Peto,et al.  Serum antibodies and subsequent cervical neoplasms: a prospective study with 12 years of follow-up. , 1993, American journal of epidemiology.

[30]  J. Kaldor,et al.  The causal link between human papillomavirus and invasive cervical cancer: A population‐based case‐control study in colombia and spain , 1992, International journal of cancer.

[31]  D. Hunter,et al.  Chlamydia trachomatis and oral contraceptive use: a quantitative review. , 1992, Genitourinary medicine.

[32]  S. Thompson,et al.  Pelvic Inflammatory Disease and Fertility: A Cohort Study of 1,844 Women with Laparoscopically Verified Disease and 657 Control Women with Normal Laparoscopic Results , 1992, Sexually transmitted diseases.

[33]  M. Pearlman,et al.  A review of the microbiology, immunology, and clinical implications of Chlamydia trachomatis infections. , 1992, Obstetrical & gynecological survey.

[34]  R. Sweet,et al.  Long-term sequelae of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. A retrospective cohort study. , 1992, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[35]  C. Meijer,et al.  Rapid detection of human papillomavirus in cervical scrapes by combined general primer-mediated and type-specific polymerase chain reaction , 1990, Journal of clinical microbiology.

[36]  S. Bagshaw,et al.  Risk factors for Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the cervix: a prospective study of 2000 patients at a family planning clinic. , 1987, The New Zealand medical journal.