Development of a High-Resolution Nested Air Pollution Model: The Numerical Approach

Abstract A new 3-D model REGINA (REGIonal high resolutioN Air pollution model) is under development at the National Environmental Research Institute (NERI). The model is based on models developed over the past decades at NERI. The goal is to obtain a nested model capable of high-resolution operation. To reach this goal it is necessary to implement sufficiently accurate numerical methods. The model will be applied to studying air pollution phenomena (monitoring, forecasting, and scenarios) over Denmark. In the present paper, the outline of the new model is presented. The numerical methods for transport and chemistry are described. The horizontal transport in the model is solved using an accurate space derivatives algorithm. This method traditionally requires periodic boundary conditions, which are not applicable for nested modeling. Therefore a new method for calculating nonperiodic boundary conditions has been developed. The numerical solution to the chemistry part of the model is obtained from an implementation of a new combination of two existing numerical methods. The results from extensive testing of the numerical solution of the advection and the coupling of the solution of advection and chemistry in the model using Molenkamp–Crowley rotation tests are presented. The same tests have been applied to the model with and without nesting. The results show that the numerical methods are suitable for modeling air pollution levels at high resolution.

[1]  Robert Vautard,et al.  Sensitivity of photochemical pollution using the adjoint of a simplified chemistry‐transport model , 2000 .

[2]  A. Bott.  Monotone Flux Limitation in the Area-preserving Flux-form Advection Algorithm , 1992 .

[3]  W. P. Crowley,et al.  NUMERICAL ADVECTION EXPERIMENTS1 , 1968 .

[4]  Zahari Zlatev,et al.  Comparison of numerical techniques for use in air pollution models with non-linear chemical reactions , 1989 .

[5]  J. Gazdag.  Numerical convective schemes based on accurate computation of space derivatives , 1973 .

[6]  H. Liljestrand,et al.  Numerical modeling of dry deposition coupled to 22 photochemical reactions , 1999 .

[7]  Øystein Hov,et al.  A two‐dimensional global study of tropospheric ozone production , 1994 .

[8]  J. Christensen,et al.  Test of two numerical schemes for use in atmospheric transport-chemistry models , 1993 .

[9]  Jerzy Bartnicki,et al.  A Simple Filtering Procedure for Removing Negative Values from Numerical Solutions of the Advection Equation , 1989 .

[10]  William R. Goodin,et al.  Numerical solution of the atmospheric diffusion equation for chemically reacting flows , 1982 .

[11]  Elías Valur Hólm.  High-order numerical methods for advection in atmospheric models , 1994 .

[12]  J. Lambert.  Numerical Methods for Ordinary Differential Systems: The Initial Value Problem , 1991 .

[13]  F. Flatøy.  Balanced wind in advanced advection schemes when species with long lifetimes are transported , 1993 .

[14]  B. Sportisse.  An Analysis of Operator Splitting Techniques in the Stiff Case , 2000 .

[15]  Joakim Langner,et al.  An Eulerian limited-area atmospheric transport model , 1999 .

[16]  J. Seinfeld,et al.  Numerical advective schemes used in air quality models—sequential and parallel implementation , 1994 .

[17]  Joke Blom,et al.  A comparison of stiff ode solvers for atmospheric chemistry problems , 1995 .

[18]  Paulette Middleton,et al.  A three‐dimensional Eulerian acid deposition model: Physical concepts and formulation , 1987 .

[19]  Jerzy Bartnicki,et al.  Numerical Approximation of the Transport Equation: Comparison of Five Positive Definite Algorithms , 1990 .

[20]  D. Pepper,et al.  Modeling the dispersion of atmospheric pollution using cubic splines and Chapeau functions. [Environmental transport of chemical and radioactive gaseous wastes at Savannah River Plant] , 1977 .

[21]  R. A. Cox,et al.  Evaluated kinetic and photochemical data for atmospheric chemistry: Supplement II , 1989 .

[22]  Zahari Zlatev,et al.  Operational air pollution forecasts from European to local scale , 2001 .

[23]  Zahari Zlatev,et al.  Coupling the Advection and the Chemical Parts of Large Air Pollution Models , 1996, PARA.

[24]  D. Chock.  A comparison of numerical methods for solving the advection equation—III , 1991 .

[25]  J. Christensen.  Testing advection schemes in a three-dimensional air pollution model , 1993 .

[26]  C. Molenkamp,et al.  Accuracy of Finite-Difference Methods Applied to the Advection Equation , 1968 .

[27]  J. Verwer,et al.  Analysis of operator splitting for advection-diffusion-reaction problems from air pollution modelling , 1999 .

[28]  S. Oltmans,et al.  Model studies of the meteorology and chemical composition of the troposphere over the North Atlantic during August 18-30, 1993 , 1996 .

[29]  A. Bott.  A positive definite advection scheme obtained by nonlinear renormalization of the advective fluxes , 1989 .

[30]  C. Forester,et al.  Higher order monotonic convective difference schemes , 1977 .

[31]  S. Winkler,et al.  A comparison of advection algorithms coupled with chemistry , 1994 .

[32]  J. Christensen.  The Danish Eulerian Hemispheric Model : A three-dimensional air pollution model used for the Arctic , 1997 .

[33]  Ole Hertel,et al.  Development and testing of a new variable scale air pollution model—ACDEP , 1995 .

[34]  Zahari Zlatev,et al.  Testing the importance of accurate meteorological input fields and parameterizations in atmospheric transport modelling using dream - validation against ETEX-1 , 1998 .

[35]  Zahari Zlatev,et al.  Computer Treatment of Large Air Pollution Models , 1995 .

[36]  Martin Berzins,et al.  3D adaptive unstructured meshes for air pollution modelling , 1999 .

[37]  Joke Blom,et al.  A comparison of integration methods for atmospheric transport-chemistry problems , 1999 .

[38]  M. Molina,et al.  Chemical kinetics and photochemical data for use in stratospheric modeling , 1985 .

[39]  Øystein Hov,et al.  Three‐dimensional model studies of exchange processes of ozone in the troposphere over Europe , 1995 .