A Descriptive Tool for Tracing Microbiological Contaminations

Abstract Systems for biotracing in food chains are valuable tools for the identification of potential sources in microbiological food safety scenarios. This chapter describes a general descriptive tool for biotracing, presents common terminology, and provides examples of current biotracing systems. In this account, a comparison of four pathogen/matrix combinations compiles actual knowledge and developments in approaches for biotracing: models for Salmonella in feed, Salmonella in pork, Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins in milk, and Listeria monocytogenes in cheese are described. Additionally, source attribution models for Campylobacter are considered as these models are connected to biotracing, have related aims, and face similar challenges. As a result of this juxtaposition, the descriptive concept concentrates on three prospects: the trigger, modeling practice for biotracing, and implementation aspects. Mathematical inference can be hampered by variability or/and uncertainty, which implies further investigations to provide more certainty or guidance to decision makers. This chapter provides an overall view of the development of biotracing systems and forms a basic guide for future biotracing applications. A systematic approach toward food safety problems can help authorities and companies to come to a normative priority setting for microbial source tracing rather than making heuristic decisions about contamination events.