Computational through-wall imaging using a dynamic metasurface antenna

We present a study of computational through-wall imaging using a dynamically reconfigurable metasurface antenna (DMA). The DMA consists of a single-feed, electrically-large microstrip line, loaded with individually addressable metamaterial radiators. Each metamaterial resonator is integrated with a diode, enabling it to be switched on (radiating) or off (non-radiating) by an externally applied voltage. By switching subsets of the array of elements on or off, spatially diverse radiation patterns are formed that are scattered by the wall and structures beyond the wall. Images can be reconstructed from these measurements, using a combination of range migration algorithms and wall compensation algorithms, with minimal frequency bandwidth requirements; even single frequency measurements are possible in conjunction with the DMA. We investigate imaging through a variety of wall materials at K-band frequencies (18-26.5 GHz), including homogeneous media with known properties and inhomogeneous materials such as plywood. We further investigate single-frequency performance against full-bandwidth measurements. The DMA used here is electrically large in one dimension, over which many spatially diverse measurements can be taken. By scanning the DMA in the perpendicular direction, full two-dimensional scans can be acquired with minimal cost and time, making the one-dimensional DMA attractive as the basis for future through-wall scanning systems.

[1]  Tian Jin,et al.  A Through-the-Wall Radar Imaging Method Based on a Realistic Model , 2015 .

[2]  Ahmad Hoorfar,et al.  Three-Dimensional Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging Through Multilayered Walls , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[3]  David R. Smith,et al.  Dynamic metamaterial aperture for microwave imaging , 2015 .

[4]  A. Yaghjian.  An overview of near-field antenna measurements , 1986 .

[5]  Mehrdad Soumekh.  A system model and inversion for synthetic aperture radar imaging , 1992, IEEE Trans. Image Process..

[6]  David R Smith,et al.  Phaseless computational ghost imaging at microwave frequencies using a dynamic metasurface aperture. , 2018, Applied optics.

[7]  David R. Smith,et al.  Comprehensive simulation platform for a metamaterial imaging system. , 2015, Applied optics.

[8]  Thomas Fromenteze,et al.  Application of range migration algorithms to imaging with a dynamic metasurface antenna , 2016 .

[9]  K. Michalski,et al.  Multilayered media Green's functions in integral equation formulations , 1997 .

[10]  Per Christian Hansen,et al.  Analysis of Discrete Ill-Posed Problems by Means of the L-Curve , 1992, SIAM Rev..

[11]  David R. Smith,et al.  Sparse blind deconvolution for imaging through layered media , 2017 .

[12]  Abdelhak M. Zoubir,et al.  Multipath exploitation in through-the-wall radar imaging using sparse reconstruction , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

[13]  Juan M. Lopez-Sanchez,et al.  3-D radar imaging using range migration techniques , 2000 .

[14]  David R. Smith,et al.  Metamaterial microwave holographic imaging system. , 2014, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[15]  David R. Smith,et al.  Large Metasurface Aperture for Millimeter Wave Computational Imaging at the Human-Scale , 2017, Scientific Reports.

[16]  Takuya Sakamoto,et al.  Single-Shot Compressive Multiple-Inputs Multiple-Outputs Radar Imaging Using a Two-Port Passive Device , 2016, IEEE Access.

[17]  Guangyou Fang,et al.  UWB Through-Wall Imaging Based on Compressive Sensing , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[18]  Håkan Brunzell,et al.  Detection of shallowly buried objects using impulse radar , 1999, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[19]  Thomas Fromenteze,et al.  Single-frequency near-field MIMO imaging , 2017, 2017 11th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP).

[20]  R. P. Dooley,et al.  X-band holography , 1965 .

[21]  Fang Li,et al.  A Novel Autofocusing Approach for Real-Time Through-Wall Imaging Under Unknown Wall Characteristics , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[22]  Qing Huo Liu,et al.  Through-wall imaging (TWI) by radar: 2-D tomographic results and analyses , 2005, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[23]  S. Kassam,et al.  Synthetic aperture beamformer for imaging through a dielectric wall , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

[24]  Kamal Sarabandi,et al.  Through-the-Wall Imaging Using Differential SAR , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[25]  Michael Boyarsky,et al.  Design considerations for a dynamic metamaterial aperture for computational imaging at microwave frequencies , 2016 .

[26]  Kamal Sarabandi,et al.  Refocusing Through Building Walls Using Synthetic Aperture Radar , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[27]  Ahmad Hoorfar,et al.  Adaptive Polarization Contrast Techniques for Through-Wall Microwave Imaging Applications , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[28]  David R. Smith,et al.  Single-frequency 3D synthetic aperture imaging with dynamic metasurface antennas. , 2018, Applied optics.

[29]  Gianluca Gennarelli,et al.  SAR Imaging Algorithms and Some Unconventional Applications: A unified mathematical overview , 2014, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine.

[30]  M.G. Amin,et al.  Imaging Through Unknown Walls Using Different Standoff Distances , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing.

[31]  T. Habashy,et al.  Beyond the Born and Rytov approximations: A nonlinear approach to electromagnetic scattering , 1993 .

[32]  Thomas E. Hall,et al.  Three-dimensional millimeter-wave imaging for concealed weapon detection , 2001 .

[33]  M.G. Amin,et al.  High-Resolution Through-the-Wall Radar Imaging Using Beamspace MUSIC , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[34]  Matthew S. Reynolds,et al.  Waveguide-Fed Tunable Metamaterial Element for Dynamic Apertures , 2016, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[35]  Thomas Fromenteze,et al.  Single-frequency microwave imaging with dynamic metasurface apertures , 2017, 1704.03303.

[36]  Moeness G. Amin,et al.  Autofocusing of Through-the-Wall Radar Imagery Under Unknown Wall Characteristics , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing.

[37]  Xu Li,et al.  Microwave imaging via space-time beamforming for early detection of breast cancer , 2003 .

[38]  Dianne P. O'Leary,et al.  The Use of the L-Curve in the Regularization of Discrete Ill-Posed Problems , 1993, SIAM J. Sci. Comput..

[39]  David R. Smith,et al.  Microwave Imaging Using a Disordered Cavity with a Dynamically Tunable Impedance Surface , 2016 .

[40]  Michael Boyarsky,et al.  Generalized range migration algorithm for synthetic aperture radar image reconstruction of metasurface antenna measurements , 2017 .

[41]  Abdesselam Bouzerdoum,et al.  Multipolarization Through-Wall Radar Imaging Using Low-Rank and Jointly-Sparse Representations , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing.

[42]  Moeness G. Amin,et al.  Spatial Filtering for Wall-Clutter Mitigation in Through-the-Wall Radar Imaging , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[43]  David R. Smith,et al.  Two-Dimensional Dynamic Metasurface Apertures for Computational Microwave Imaging , 2018, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[44]  Weng Cho Chew,et al.  Fast evaluation of Sommerfeld integrals for EM scattering and radiation by three-dimensional buried objects , 1999, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[45]  Richard Bamler,et al.  A comparison of range-Doppler and wavenumber domain SAR focusing algorithms , 1992, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[46]  David R. Smith,et al.  Phaseless coherent and incoherent microwave ghost imaging with dynamic metasurface apertures , 2018, Optica.

[47]  Weng Cho Chew,et al.  Fast algorithm for electromagnetic scattering by buried 3-D dielectric objects of large size , 1999, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..