Myelination of the nervous system: mechanisms and functions.

Myelination of axons in the nervous system of vertebrates enables fast, saltatory impulse propagation, one of the best-understood concepts in neurophysiology. However, it took a long while to recognize the mechanistic complexity both of myelination by oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells and of their cellular interactions. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of myelin biogenesis, its lifelong plasticity, and the reciprocal interactions of myelinating glia with the axons they ensheath. In the central nervous system, myelination is also stimulated by axonal activity and astrocytes, whereas myelin clearance involves microglia/macrophages. Once myelinated, the long-term integrity of axons depends on glial supply of metabolites and neurotrophic factors. The relevance of this axoglial symbiosis is illustrated in normal brain aging and human myelin diseases, which can be studied in corresponding mouse models. Thus, myelinating cells serve a key role in preserving the connectivity and functions of a healthy nervous system.

[1]  B. Emery,et al.  Mechanisms regulating the development of oligodendrocytes and central nervous system myelin , 2014, Neuroscience.

[2]  Christopher W Mount,et al.  Neuronal Activity Promotes Oligodendrogenesis and Adaptive Myelination in the Mammalian Brain , 2014, Science.

[3]  I. Gut,et al.  Mutations in CNTNAP1 and ADCY6 are responsible for severe arthrogryposis multiplex congenita with axoglial defects. , 2014, Human molecular genetics.

[4]  Daniel R. Berger,et al.  Distinct Profiles of Myelin Distribution Along Single Axons of Pyramidal Neurons in the Neocortex , 2014, Science.

[5]  Masahiko Watanabe,et al.  Functional phylogenetic analysis of LGI proteins identifies an interaction motif crucial for myelination , 2014, Development.

[6]  K. Nave,et al.  Progesterone antagonist therapy in a Pelizaeus-Merzbacher mouse model. , 2014, American journal of human genetics.

[7]  Lisbeth S Laursen,et al.  Transport and translation of MBP mRNA is regulated differently by distinct hnRNP proteins , 2014, Journal of Cell Science.

[8]  C. Kassmann Myelin peroxisomes - essential organelles for the maintenance of white matter in the nervous system. , 2014, Biochimie.

[9]  M. Pozzoli,et al.  Mutation of 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl CoA Synthase I Reveals Requirements for Isoprenoid and Cholesterol Synthesis in Oligodendrocyte Migration Arrest, Axon Wrapping, and Myelin Gene Expression , 2014, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[10]  V. Gallo,et al.  Astrocyte-Derived Endothelin-1 Inhibits Remyelination through Notch Activation , 2014, Neuron.

[11]  Laura F. Dagley,et al.  Quantitative proteomic profiling reveals novel region‐specific markers in the adult mouse brain , 2014, Proteomics.

[12]  W. Macklin,et al.  Inhibitors of myelination: ECM changes, CSPGs and PTPs , 2014, Experimental Neurology.

[13]  Panos Roussos,et al.  Schizophrenia: susceptibility genes and oligodendroglial and myelin related abnormalities , 2014, Front. Cell. Neurosci..

[14]  K. Nave,et al.  Myelin Membrane Wrapping of CNS Axons by PI(3,4,5)P3-Dependent Polarized Growth at the Inner Tongue , 2014, Cell.

[15]  B. Barres,et al.  Contrasting the glial response to axon injury in the central and peripheral nervous systems. , 2014, Developmental cell.

[16]  Eva-Maria Krämer-Albers,et al.  Axon-glia interaction and membrane traffic in myelin formation , 2014, Front. Cell. Neurosci..

[17]  M. Simons,et al.  Atomic resolution view into the structure–function relationships of the human myelin peripheral membrane protein P2 , 2013, Acta crystallographica. Section D, Biological crystallography.

[18]  H. Werner,et al.  Septins in the glial cells of the nervous system , 2013, Biological chemistry.

[19]  J. Trejo,et al.  Endosomal signaling by protease-activated receptors. , 2014, Methods in enzymology.

[20]  Jun Zhu,et al.  Epigenome-wide differences in pathology-free regions of multiple sclerosis–affected brains , 2013, Nature Neuroscience.

[21]  Heidi Johansen-Berg,et al.  Motor Skill Learning Induces Changes in White Matter Microstructure and Myelination , 2013, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[22]  J. Zuchero,et al.  Intrinsic and extrinsic control of oligodendrocyte development , 2013, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[23]  K. Nave,et al.  Molecular triggers of neuroinflammation in mouse models of demyelinating diseases , 2013, Biological chemistry.

[24]  D. Attwell,et al.  Neuregulin and BDNF Induce a Switch to NMDA Receptor-Dependent Myelination by Oligodendrocytes , 2013, PLoS biology.

[25]  G. Mandel,et al.  Oligodendrocyte Lineage Cells Contribute Unique Features to Rett Syndrome Neuropathology , 2013, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[26]  H. Werner Do we have to reconsider the evolutionary emergence of myelin? , 2013, Front. Cell. Neurosci..

[27]  T. Schöneberg,et al.  Gpr126 Functions in Schwann Cells to Control Differentiation and Myelination via G-Protein Activation , 2013, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[28]  P. Brophy,et al.  Uncoupling of neuroinflammation from axonal degeneration in mice lacking the myelin protein tetraspanin‐2 , 2013, Glia.

[29]  F. Court,et al.  Schwann cell‐derived exosomes enhance axonal regeneration in the peripheral nervous system , 2013, Glia.

[30]  F. Gage,et al.  A regenerative approach to the treatment of multiple sclerosis , 2013, Nature.

[31]  P. Kochanek,et al.  Role of CNPase in the oligodendrocytic extracellular 2′,3′‐cAMP‐adenosine pathway , 2013, Glia.

[32]  M. Götz,et al.  Transplantation reveals regional differences in oligodendrocyte differentiation in the adult brain , 2013, Nature Neuroscience.

[33]  Christina Müller,et al.  Making myelin basic protein -from mRNA transport to localized translation , 2013, Front. Cell. Neurosci..

[34]  Tracy J. Yuen,et al.  M2 microglia and macrophages drive oligodendrocyte differentiation during CNS remyelination , 2013, Nature Neuroscience.

[35]  C. von Kalle,et al.  Lentiviral Hematopoietic Stem Cell Gene Therapy Benefits Metachromatic Leukodystrophy , 2013, Science.

[36]  G. Walko,et al.  Stabilization of the dystroglycan complex in Cajal bands of myelinating Schwann cells through plectin‐mediated anchorage to vimentin filaments , 2013, Glia.

[37]  O. Jahn,et al.  Molecular evolution of myelin basic protein, an abundant structural myelin component , 2013, Glia.

[38]  V. Timmerman,et al.  Overlapping molecular pathological themes link Charcot–Marie–Tooth neuropathies and hereditary spastic paraplegias , 2013, Experimental Neurology.

[39]  D. Ziegler,et al.  Novel pathogenic pathways in diabetic neuropathy , 2013, Trends in Neurosciences.

[40]  S. Frechter,et al.  Genetic Deletion of Cadm4 Results in Myelin Abnormalities Resembling Charcot-Marie-Tooth Neuropathy , 2013, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[41]  Aiman S Saab,et al.  Neurotransmitter-Triggered Transfer of Exosomes Mediates Oligodendrocyte–Neuron Communication , 2013, PLoS biology.

[42]  M. Kamermans,et al.  Brain white matter oedema due to ClC-2 chloride channel deficiency: an observational analytical study , 2013, The Lancet Neurology.

[43]  J. Trotter,et al.  NG2 Regulates Directional Migration of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells via Rho GTPases and Polarity Complex Proteins , 2013, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[44]  C. ffrench-Constant,et al.  Individual Oligodendrocytes Have Only a Few Hours in which to Generate New Myelin Sheaths In Vivo , 2013, Developmental cell.

[45]  M. Beal,et al.  Pioglitazone halts axonal degeneration in a mouse model of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. , 2013, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[46]  D. Görlich,et al.  Myelin Membrane Assembly Is Driven by a Phase Transition of Myelin Basic Proteins Into a Cohesive Protein Meshwork , 2013, PLoS biology.

[47]  P. Lockhart,et al.  Mutations in DARS cause hypomyelination with brain stem and spinal cord involvement and leg spasticity. , 2013, American journal of human genetics.

[48]  M. Shy,et al.  Inherited peripheral neuropathies. , 2013, Neurologic clinics.

[49]  M. Fukaya,et al.  Oligodendrocyte progenitors balance growth with self-repulsion to achieve homeostasis in the adult brain , 2013, Nature Neuroscience.

[50]  W. Macklin,et al.  Signaling mechanisms regulating myelination in the central nervous system , 2013, Neuroscience Bulletin.

[51]  Chao Zhao,et al.  Identification of endothelin 2 as an inflammatory factor that promotes central nervous system remyelination. , 2013, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[52]  S. Tenzer,et al.  A critical role for the cholesterol‐associated proteolipids PLP and M6B in myelination of the central nervous system , 2013, Glia.

[53]  T. Kilpatrick,et al.  Oligodendroglial Expression of TrkB Independently Regulates Myelination and Progenitor Cell Proliferation , 2013, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[54]  P. Tsai,et al.  Exome sequencing identifies GNB4 mutations as a cause of dominant intermediate Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. , 2013, American journal of human genetics.

[55]  R. Ribchester,et al.  Effect of Limb Lengthening on Internodal Length and Conduction Velocity of Peripheral Nerve , 2013, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[56]  D. Attwell,et al.  Oligodendrocyte Dynamics in the Healthy Adult CNS: Evidence for Myelin Remodeling , 2013, Neuron.

[57]  Y. Li,et al.  Degeneration and impaired regeneration of gray matter oligodendrocytes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , 2013, Nature Neuroscience.

[58]  K. Nave,et al.  Loss of electrostatic cell-surface repulsion mediates myelin membrane adhesion and compaction in the central nervous system , 2013, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[59]  W. Richardson,et al.  Oligodendrocyte dysfunction in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. , 2013, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[60]  K. Burr,et al.  Reprogramming Adult Schwann Cells to Stem Cell-like Cells by Leprosy Bacilli Promotes Dissemination of Infection , 2013, Cell.

[61]  A. Aguzzi,et al.  Microglia: Scapegoat, Saboteur, or Something Else? , 2013, Science.

[62]  H. Neumann,et al.  Janus-faced microglia: beneficial and detrimental consequences of microglial phagocytosis , 2012, Front. Cell. Neurosci..

[63]  S. Tenzer,et al.  Myelin Proteome Analysis: Methods and Implications for the Myelin Cytoskeleton , 2013 .

[64]  W. Baumgärtner,et al.  Astrocytes regulate myelin clearance through recruitment of microglia during cuprizone-induced demyelination. , 2013, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[65]  Mary Kay Lobo,et al.  Impaired adult myelination in the prefrontal cortex of socially isolated mice , 2012, Nature Neuroscience.

[66]  Petri Kursula,et al.  Juxtanodin is an intrinsically disordered F-actin-binding protein , 2012, Scientific Reports.

[67]  H. Willison,et al.  Autoantibodies in immune-mediated neuropathies. , 2012, Current opinion in neurology.

[68]  G. Corfas,et al.  A Critical Period for Social Experience–Dependent Oligodendrocyte Maturation and Myelination , 2012, Science.

[69]  B. Engelhardt,et al.  The anatomical and cellular basis of immune surveillance in the central nervous system , 2012, Nature Reviews Immunology.

[70]  L. Greensmith,et al.  c-Jun Reprograms Schwann Cells of Injured Nerves to Generate a Repair Cell Essential for Regeneration , 2012, Neuron.

[71]  Michelle K. Leach,et al.  A culture system to study oligodendrocyte myelination-processes using engineered nanofibers , 2012, Nature Methods.

[72]  D. Sherman,et al.  Drp2 and Periaxin Form Cajal Bands with Dystroglycan But Have Distinct Roles in Schwann Cell Growth , 2012, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[73]  S. Löwel,et al.  Therapy of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease in mice by feeding a cholesterol-enriched diet , 2012, Nature Medicine.

[74]  Pierre J. Magistretti,et al.  Oligodendroglia metabolically support axons and contribute to neurodegeneration , 2012, Nature.

[75]  P. Sah,et al.  Targeted Ablation of Oligodendrocytes Induces Axonal Pathology Independent of Overt Demyelination , 2012, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[76]  N. Spinner,et al.  Notch signaling in human development and disease. , 2012, Seminars in cell & developmental biology.

[77]  Jens Frahm,et al.  Glycolytic oligodendrocytes maintain myelin and long-term axonal integrity , 2012, Nature.

[78]  K. Nave,et al.  Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Signaling in Oligodendrocytes Regulates Myelin Sheath Thickness , 2012, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[79]  E. Sibille,et al.  A putative functional role for oligodendrocytes in mood regulation , 2012, Translational Psychiatry.

[80]  M. Bates,et al.  The Actin-Severing Protein Cofilin Is Downstream of Neuregulin Signaling and Is Essential For Schwann Cell Myelination , 2012, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[81]  M. Groszer,et al.  Genetic disruption of Pten in a novel mouse model of tomaculous neuropathy , 2012, EMBO molecular medicine.

[82]  S. Heckers,et al.  A myelin gene causative of a catatonia-depression syndrome upon aging , 2012, EMBO molecular medicine.

[83]  B. Becher,et al.  Primary oligodendrocyte death does not elicit anti-CNS immunity , 2012, Nature Neuroscience.

[84]  G. Dina,et al.  Vimentin regulates peripheral nerve myelination , 2012, Development.

[85]  I. Duncan,et al.  Hyccin, the Molecule Mutated in the Leukodystrophy Hypomyelination and Congenital Cataract (HCC), Is a Neuronal Protein , 2012, PloS one.

[86]  S. Tenzer,et al.  Systematic approaches to central nervous system myelin , 2012, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences.

[87]  Huijong Han,et al.  Myelin 2′,3′-Cyclic Nucleotide 3′-Phosphodiesterase: Active-Site Ligand Binding and Molecular Conformation , 2012, PloS one.

[88]  Elliott H. Sherr,et al.  Dual-Mode Modulation of Smad Signaling by Smad-Interacting Protein Sip1 Is Required for Myelination in the Central Nervous System , 2012, Neuron.

[89]  L. Wong Mitochondrial Syndromes with Leukoencephalopathies , 2012, Seminars in Neurology.

[90]  U. Suter,et al.  Molecular mechanisms regulating myelination in the peripheral nervous system , 2012, Trends in Neurosciences.

[91]  W. Brück,et al.  Late motor decline after accomplished remyelination: Impact for progressive multiple sclerosis , 2012, Annals of neurology.

[92]  B. Barres,et al.  Axon degeneration: Molecular mechanisms of a self-destruction pathway , 2012, The Journal of cell biology.

[93]  R. Franklin,et al.  Rejuvenation of regeneration in the aging central nervous system. , 2012, Cell stem cell.

[94]  David Attwell,et al.  The Energetics of CNS White Matter , 2012, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[95]  Q. Lu,et al.  Fine-Tuning Oligodendrocyte Development by microRNAs , 2011, Front. Neurosci..

[96]  Tobias M. Fischer,et al.  BACE1 Processing of NRG1 Type III Produces a Myelin-Inducing Signal but Is Not Essential for the Stimulation of Myelination , 2011, Glia.

[97]  D. Rowitch,et al.  Neurite outgrowth inhibitor Nogo-A establishes spatial segregation and extent of oligodendrocyte myelination , 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[98]  M. Simons,et al.  Self-segregation of myelin membrane lipids in model membranes. , 2011, Biophysical journal.

[99]  A. Aguzzi,et al.  Quantitative and Integrative Proteome Analysis of Peripheral Nerve Myelin Identifies Novel Myelin Proteins and Candidate Neuropathy Loci , 2011, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[100]  D. Hartline,et al.  Novel organization and development of copepod myelin. ii. nonglial origin , 2011, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[101]  J. Pollard,et al.  Absence of Colony Stimulation Factor-1 Receptor Results in Loss of Microglia, Disrupted Brain Development and Olfactory Deficits , 2011, PloS one.

[102]  C. ffrench-Constant,et al.  Individual axons regulate the myelinating potential of single oligodendrocytes in vivo , 2011, Development.

[103]  J. Auwerx,et al.  Sir-two-homolog 2 (Sirt2) modulates peripheral myelination through polarity protein Par-3/atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) signaling , 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[104]  R. Douglas Fields,et al.  Control of Local Protein Synthesis and Initial Events in Myelination by Action Potentials , 2011, Science.

[105]  J. Friedrichs,et al.  A size barrier limits protein diffusion at the cell surface to generate lipid-rich myelin-membrane sheets. , 2011, Developmental cell.

[106]  R. D'Hooge,et al.  Intracerebroventricular enzyme infusion corrects central nervous system pathology and dysfunction in a mouse model of metachromatic leukodystrophy. , 2011, Human molecular genetics.

[107]  K. Horiuchi,et al.  TACE (ADAM17) inhibits Schwann cell myelination , 2011, Nature Neuroscience.

[108]  H. Hartung,et al.  Enhancing remyelination in disease--can we wrap it up? , 2011, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[109]  W. Talbot,et al.  Gpr126 is essential for peripheral nerve development and myelination in mammals , 2011, Development.

[110]  D. Rowitch,et al.  Myelin regeneration: a recapitulation of development? , 2011, Annual review of neuroscience.

[111]  A. Sartorius,et al.  Aspartoacylase-LacZ Knockin Mice: An Engineered Model of Canavan Disease , 2011, PloS one.

[112]  Nobuhiko Ohno,et al.  Myelination and Axonal Electrical Activity Modulate the Distribution and Motility of Mitochondria at CNS Nodes of Ranvier , 2011, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[113]  D. Attwell,et al.  Dorsally and Ventrally Derived Oligodendrocytes Have Similar Electrical Properties but Myelinate Preferred Tracts , 2011, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[114]  Michael G. Fehlings,et al.  Visualization of cytoplasmic diffusion within living myelin sheaths of CNS white matter axons using microinjection of the fluorescent dye Lucifer Yellow , 2011, NeuroImage.

[115]  W. Mandemakers,et al.  The Lipid Sulfatide Is a Novel Myelin-Associated Inhibitor of CNS Axon Outgrowth , 2011, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[116]  Margreet C. Ridder,et al.  Mutant GlialCAM causes megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts, benign familial macrocephaly, and macrocephaly with retardation and autism. , 2011, American journal of human genetics.

[117]  I. Androulakis,et al.  Identification of a Gene Regulatory Network Necessary for the Initiation of Oligodendrocyte Differentiation , 2011, PloS one.

[118]  Mary T. Brinkoetter,et al.  A reversible form of axon damage in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis , 2011, Nature Medicine.

[119]  A. Bharioke,et al.  N-WASp is required for Schwann cell cytoskeletal dynamics, normal myelin gene expression and peripheral nerve myelination , 2011, Development.

[120]  P. Ravassard,et al.  Class 3 semaphorins influence oligodendrocyte precursor recruitment and remyelination in adult central nervous system. , 2011, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[121]  A. Ishii,et al.  Fibroblast Growth Factor Signaling Is Required for the Generation of Oligodendrocyte Progenitors from the Embryonic Forebrain , 2011, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[122]  S. Rotshenker,et al.  Myelin down-regulates myelin phagocytosis by microglia and macrophages through interactions between CD47 on myelin and SIRPα (signal regulatory protein-α) on phagocytes , 2011, Journal of Neuroinflammation.

[123]  K. Nave,et al.  Inhibition of CNS Remyelination by the Presence of Semaphorin 3A , 2011, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[124]  Sarah A. Stern,et al.  Astrocyte-Neuron Lactate Transport Is Required for Long-Term Memory Formation , 2011, Cell.

[125]  K. Nave,et al.  Lipid metabolism in myelinating glial cells: lessons from human inherited disorders and mouse models , 2011, Journal of Lipid Research.

[126]  David Attwell,et al.  Morphological and electrical properties of oligodendrocytes in the white matter of the corpus callosum and cerebellum , 2011, The Journal of physiology.

[127]  S. Frechter,et al.  N-WASP is required for membrane wrapping and myelination by Schwann cells , 2011, The Journal of cell biology.

[128]  Markus Rudin,et al.  Genetically Induced Adult Oligodendrocyte Cell Death Is Associated with Poor Myelin Clearance, Reduced Remyelination, and Axonal Damage , 2011, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[129]  D. Geschwind,et al.  Specific Functions for ERK/MAPK Signaling during PNS Development , 2011, Neuron.

[130]  D. Attwell,et al.  Regulation of Oligodendrocyte Development and Myelination by Glucose and Lactate , 2011, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[131]  P. Guest,et al.  Proteomic technologies for biomarker studies in psychiatry: advances and needs. , 2011, International review of neurobiology.

[132]  Eva-Maria Krämer-Albers,et al.  From axon–glial signalling to myelination: the integrating role of oligodendroglial Fyn kinase , 2011, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences.

[133]  H. Budka,et al.  Tubulin polymerization promoting protein (TPPP/p25) as a marker for oligodendroglial changes in multiple sclerosis , 2010, Glia.

[134]  D. Parichy,et al.  Defective adult oligodendrocyte and Schwann cell development, pigment pattern, and craniofacial morphology in puma mutant zebrafish having an alpha tubulin mutation. , 2010, Developmental biology.

[135]  G. Scheper,et al.  Leukoencephalopathy With Vanishing White Matter: A Review , 2010, Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology.

[136]  K. Kyriacou,et al.  Axonal Pathology Precedes Demyelination in a Mouse Model of X-Linked Demyelinating/Type I Charcot-Marie Tooth Neuropathy , 2010, Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology.

[137]  D. Attwell,et al.  Why do oligodendrocyte lineage cells express glutamate receptors? , 2010, F1000 biology reports.

[138]  F. Maxfield,et al.  Cholesterol, the central lipid of mammalian cells. , 2010, Current opinion in cell biology.

[139]  L. Westlye,et al.  Neuroanatomical correlates of executive functions in children and adolescents: A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of cortical thickness , 2010, Neuropsychologia.

[140]  J. Frahm,et al.  Elevated Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-Trisphosphate in Glia Triggers Cell-Autonomous Membrane Wrapping and Myelination , 2010, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[141]  M. Wegner,et al.  Sox10 is required for Schwann cell identity and progression beyond the immature Schwann cell stage , 2010, The Journal of cell biology.

[142]  D. Hoekstra,et al.  On the biogenesis of myelin membranes: Sorting, trafficking and cell polarity , 2010, FEBS letters.

[143]  L. Wrabetz,et al.  Signals to promote myelin formation and repair , 2010, Nature Reviews Neurology.

[144]  P. Kursula,et al.  Myelin basic protein and myelin protein 2 act synergistically to cause stacking of lipid bilayers. , 2010, Biochemistry.

[145]  P. Casaccia,et al.  Epigenetic regulation of oligodendrocyte identity , 2010, Trends in Neurosciences.

[146]  O. Jahn,et al.  Myelin matters: proteomic insights into white matter disorders , 2010, Expert review of proteomics.

[147]  Klaus-Armin Nave,et al.  Myelination and the trophic support of long axons , 2010, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[148]  U. Suter,et al.  Pals1 Is a Major Regulator of the Epithelial-Like Polarization and the Extension of the Myelin Sheath in Peripheral Nerves , 2010, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[149]  Frank Baumann,et al.  Axonal prion protein is required for peripheral myelin maintenance , 2010, Nature Neuroscience.

[150]  I. Krägeloh-Mann,et al.  Metachromatic Leukodystrophy – An Update , 2010, Neuropediatrics.

[151]  J. Dupree,et al.  Myelin protein composition is altered in mice lacking either sulfated or both sulfated and non‐sulfated galactolipids , 2010, Journal of neurochemistry.

[152]  F. Sterky,et al.  AGC1 deficiency associated with global cerebral hypomyelination. , 2009, The New England journal of medicine.

[153]  M. Just,et al.  Altering Cortical Connectivity: Remediation-Induced Changes in the White Matter of Poor Readers , 2009, Neuron.

[154]  Angus M. Brown,et al.  Early ultrastructural defects of axons and axon–glia junctions in mice lacking expression of Cnp1 , 2009, Glia.

[155]  M. Rasband,et al.  Proteomic analysis of optic nerve lipid rafts reveals new paranodal proteins , 2009, Journal of neuroscience research.

[156]  Manfred Schmidt,et al.  Hematopoietic Stem Cell Gene Therapy with a Lentiviral Vector in X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy , 2009, Science.

[157]  Timothy Edward John Behrens,et al.  Training induces changes in white matter architecture , 2009, Nature Neuroscience.

[158]  M. Selbach,et al.  The tyrosine phosphatase Shp2 (PTPN11) directs Neuregulin-1/ErbB signaling throughout Schwann cell development , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[159]  W. Talbot,et al.  A G Protein–Coupled Receptor Is Essential for Schwann Cells to Initiate Myelination , 2009, Science.

[160]  Nitin J. Karandikar,et al.  The oligodendrocyte-specific G-protein coupled receptor GPR17 is a cell-intrinsic timer of myelination , 2009, Nature Neuroscience.

[161]  G. Harauz,et al.  Structural polymorphism and multifunctionality of myelin basic protein. , 2009, Biochemistry.

[162]  K. Ligon,et al.  Myelin Gene Regulatory Factor Is a Critical Transcriptional Regulator Required for CNS Myelination , 2009, Cell.

[163]  Lennart Opitz,et al.  RNASET2-deficient cystic leukoencephalopathy resembles congenital cytomegalovirus brain infection , 2009, Nature Genetics.

[164]  F. Guillemot,et al.  Notch controls embryonic Schwann cell differentiation, postnatal myelination and adult plasticity , 2009, Nature Neuroscience.

[165]  Erbin regulates NRG1 signaling and myelination , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[166]  H. Lassmann,et al.  Contactin-2/TAG-1-directed autoimmunity is identified in multiple sclerosis patients and mediates gray matter pathology in animals , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[167]  S. Tenzer,et al.  Myelin Proteomics: Molecular Anatomy of an Insulating Sheath , 2009, Molecular Neurobiology.

[168]  K. Nave,et al.  Cholesterol Regulates the Endoplasmic Reticulum Exit of the Major Membrane Protein P0 Required for Peripheral Myelin Compaction , 2009, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[169]  Aiman S Saab,et al.  Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate-Dependent Interaction of Myelin Basic Protein with the Plasma Membrane in Oligodendroglial Cells and Its Rapid Perturbation by Elevated Calcium , 2009, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[170]  W. Talbot,et al.  Kif1b is essential for mRNA localization in oligodendrocytes and development of myelinated axons , 2009, Nature Genetics.

[171]  Jurate Lasiene,et al.  Age‐related myelin dynamics revealed by increased oligodendrogenesis and short internodes , 2009, Aging cell.

[172]  K. Davies,et al.  A Laminin-2, Dystroglycan, Utrophin Axis Is Required for Compartmentalization and Elongation of Myelin Segments , 2009, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[173]  J. Zasadzinski,et al.  Interaction forces and adhesion of supported myelin lipid bilayers modulated by myelin basic protein , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[174]  J. Rosenbluth,et al.  Effects of osmolality on PLP-null myelin structure: Implications re axon damage , 2009, Brain Research.

[175]  H. Werner,et al.  The septin cytoskeleton in myelinating glia , 2009, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience.

[176]  R. Franklin,et al.  Myelin-mediated inhibition of oligodendrocyte precursor differentiation can be overcome by pharmacological modulation of Fyn-RhoA and protein kinase C signalling , 2009, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[177]  G. Ming,et al.  Axonal Protective Effects of the Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein , 2009, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[178]  P. Courtoy,et al.  Molecular identification of aspartate N-acetyltransferase and its mutation in hypoacetylaspartia. , 2009, The Biochemical journal.

[179]  M. Rasband,et al.  Molecular mechanisms of node of Ranvier formation. , 2008, Current opinion in cell biology.

[180]  J. Devaux,et al.  Tight junctions potentiate the insulative properties of small CNS myelinated axons , 2008, The Journal of cell biology.

[181]  P. Brophy,et al.  Molecular domains of myelinated axons in the peripheral nervous system , 2008, Glia.

[182]  J. Gomori,et al.  Mutations in the fatty acid 2-hydroxylase gene are associated with leukodystrophy with spastic paraparesis and dystonia. , 2008, American journal of human genetics.

[183]  R. Martini,et al.  Interactions between Schwann cells and macrophages in injury and inherited demyelinating disease , 2008, Glia.

[184]  F. Court,et al.  Schwann Cell to Axon Transfer of Ribosomes: Toward a Novel Understanding of the Role of Glia in the Nervous System , 2008, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[185]  S. Étienne-Manneville Polarity proteins in glial cell functions , 2008, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[186]  J. Chan,et al.  The geometric and spatial constraints of the microenvironment induce oligodendrocyte differentiation , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[187]  G. Harauz,et al.  Myelin basic protein as a "PI(4,5)P2-modulin": a new biological function for a major central nervous system protein. , 2008, Biochemistry.

[188]  Carmen Birchmeier,et al.  Neuregulin-1/ErbB Signaling Serves Distinct Functions in Myelination of the Peripheral and Central Nervous System , 2008, Neuron.

[189]  B. Maggio,et al.  The self-organization of lipids and proteins of myelin at the membrane interface. Molecular factors underlying the microheterogeneity of domain segregation. , 2008, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[190]  R. Fields,et al.  White matter in learning, cognition and psychiatric disorders , 2008, Trends in Neurosciences.

[191]  B. Zalc,et al.  The origin of the myelination program in vertebrates , 2008, Current Biology.

[192]  M. Eckhardt The Role and Metabolism of Sulfatide in the Nervous System , 2008, Molecular Neurobiology.

[193]  K. Nave,et al.  Phylogeny of proteolipid proteins: divergence, constraints, and the evolution of novel functions in myelination and neuroprotection. , 2008, Neuron glia biology.

[194]  W. Richardson,et al.  The evolution of Olig genes and their roles in myelination. , 2008, Neuron glia biology.

[195]  Patrick R Hof,et al.  Functional Trade-Offs in White Matter Axonal Scaling , 2008, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[196]  Sergio E. Baranzini,et al.  Proteomic analysis of active multiple sclerosis lesions reveals therapeutic targets , 2008, Nature.

[197]  N. Schaeren-Wiemers,et al.  Lame Ducks or Fierce Creatures? - The Role of Oligodendrocytes in Multiple Sclerosis , 2008, Journal of Molecular Neuroscience.

[198]  J. Salzer,et al.  Type III neuregulin‐1 promotes oligodendrocyte myelination , 2008, Glia.

[199]  G. Meer,et al.  Membrane lipids: where they are and how they behave , 2008, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology.

[200]  Y. Xing,et al.  A Transcriptome Database for Astrocytes, Neurons, and Oligodendrocytes: A New Resource for Understanding Brain Development and Function , 2008, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[201]  S. Tenzer,et al.  Oligodendrocytes secrete exosomes containing major myelin and stress‐protective proteins: Trophic support for axons? , 2007, Proteomics. Clinical applications.

[202]  J. Sloane,et al.  Myosin Va Controls Oligodendrocyte Morphogenesis and Myelination , 2007, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[203]  A. Mildner,et al.  Axonal loss and neuroinflammation caused by peroxisome-deficient oligodendrocytes , 2007, Nature Genetics.

[204]  K. Nave,et al.  The Transcription Factor Yin Yang 1 Is Essential for Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Differentiation , 2007, Neuron.

[205]  L. Guarente,et al.  Proteolipid Protein Is Required for Transport of Sirtuin 2 into CNS Myelin , 2007, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[206]  Jeff W Lichtman,et al.  Imaging axonal transport of mitochondria in vivo , 2007, Nature Methods.

[207]  H. Büssow,et al.  Down-regulation of Polysialic Acid Is Required for Efficient Myelin Formation* , 2007, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[208]  H. Hartung,et al.  From bench to bedside—experimental rationale for immune-specific therapies in the inflamed peripheral nerve , 2007, Nature Clinical Practice Neurology.

[209]  K. Nave,et al.  Sialoadhesin deficiency ameliorates myelin degeneration and axonopathic changes in the CNS of PLP overexpressing mice , 2007, Neurobiology of Disease.

[210]  D. Hartline,et al.  Rapid Conduction and the Evolution of Giant Axons and Myelinated Fibers , 2007, Current Biology.

[211]  J. Chan,et al.  NGF Regulates the Expression of Axonal LINGO-1 to Inhibit Oligodendrocyte Differentiation and Myelination , 2007, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[212]  M. Tainsky,et al.  Microtubule Deacetylases, SirT2 and HDAC6, in the Nervous System , 2007, Neurochemical Research.

[213]  R. Kelsh,et al.  In vivo time-lapse imaging shows dynamic oligodendrocyte progenitor behavior during zebrafish development , 2006, Nature Neuroscience.

[214]  P. Wong,et al.  Bace1 modulates myelination in the central and peripheral nervous system , 2006, Nature Neuroscience.

[215]  J. P. Fawcett,et al.  The Polarity Protein Par-3 Directly Interacts with p75NTR to Regulate Myelination , 2006, Science.

[216]  P. Saftig,et al.  Control of Peripheral Nerve Myelination by the ß-Secretase BACE1 , 2006, Science.

[217]  Thomas A. Hawkins,et al.  A genetic screen identifies genes essential for development of myelinated axons in zebrafish. , 2006, Developmental biology.

[218]  K. Nave,et al.  Subtle myelin defects in PLP‐null mice , 2006, Glia.

[219]  K. Nave,et al.  Immune Cells Contribute to Myelin Degeneration and Axonopathic Changes in Mice Overexpressing Proteolipid Protein in Oligodendrocytes , 2006, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[220]  Makoto Ohnishi,et al.  ErbB2 receptor tyrosine kinase signaling mediates early demyelination induced by leprosy bacilli , 2006, Nature Medicine.

[221]  J. Moffett,et al.  Canavan disease and the role of N-acetylaspartate in myelin synthesis , 2006, Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology.

[222]  A. Dibernardo,et al.  WAVE1 Is Required for Oligodendrocyte Morphogenesis and Normal CNS Myelination , 2006, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[223]  K. Honke,et al.  Sulfatide is essential for the maintenance of CNS myelin and axon structure , 2006, Glia.

[224]  Palma Iannarelli,et al.  Competing waves of oligodendrocytes in the forebrain and postnatal elimination of an embryonic lineage , 2006, Nature Neuroscience.

[225]  D. Kirschner,et al.  Evolution of a neuroprotective function of central nervous system myelin , 2006, The Journal of cell biology.

[226]  D. Riethmacher,et al.  Ermin, A Myelinating Oligodendrocyte-Specific Protein That Regulates Cell Morphology , 2006, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[227]  Chao Zhao,et al.  Myelin Impairs CNS Remyelination by Inhibiting Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cell Differentiation , 2006, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[228]  N. Daw,et al.  Experience-Driven Plasticity of Visual Cortex Limited by Myelin and Nogo Receptor , 2005, Science.

[229]  T. Saheki,et al.  Reduced N-Acetylaspartate Levels in Mice Lacking Aralar, a Brain- and Muscle-type Mitochondrial Aspartate-glutamate Carrier* , 2005, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[230]  R. Mirsky,et al.  The origin and development of glial cells in peripheral nerves , 2005, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[231]  Jeffrey A. Loeb,et al.  Neuregulin-1 Type III Determines the Ensheathment Fate of Axons , 2005, Neuron.

[232]  Stefan Skare,et al.  See Blockindiscussions, Blockinstats, Blockinand Blockinauthor Blockinprofiles Blockinfor Blockinthis Blockinpublication Extensive Blockinpiano Blockinpracticing Blockinhas Blockinregionally Specific Blockineffects Blockinon Blockinwhite Blockinmatter Blockindevelopment , 2022 .

[233]  P. Thibault,et al.  Process outgrowth in oligodendrocytes is mediated by CNP, a novel microtubule assembly myelin protein , 2005, The Journal of cell biology.

[234]  Mahendra S Rao,et al.  Hyaluronan accumulates in demyelinated lesions and inhibits oligodendrocyte progenitor maturation , 2005, Nature Medicine.

[235]  Klaus-Armin Nave,et al.  High cholesterol level is essential for myelin membrane growth , 2005, Nature Neuroscience.

[236]  W. Talbot,et al.  erbb3 and erbb2 Are Essential for Schwann Cell Migration and Myelination in Zebrafish , 2005, Current Biology.

[237]  D. Sherman,et al.  The raft-associated protein MAL is required for maintenance of proper axon–glia interactions in the central nervous system , 2004, The Journal of cell biology.

[238]  Peter Nürnberg,et al.  Mutations in the gene encoding gap junction protein alpha 12 (connexin 46.6) cause Pelizaeus-Merzbacher-like disease. , 2004, American journal of human genetics.

[239]  E. Shooter,et al.  NGF Controls Axonal Receptivity to Myelination by Schwann Cells or Oligodendrocytes , 2004, Neuron.

[240]  I. Duncan,et al.  Oligodendroglial modulation of fast axonal transport in a mouse model of hereditary spastic paraplegia , 2004, The Journal of cell biology.

[241]  S. Franken,et al.  Specific downregulation and mistargeting of the lipid raft-associated protein MAL in a glycolipid storage disorder , 2004, Neurobiology of Disease.

[242]  Carmen Birchmeier,et al.  Axonal Neuregulin-1 Regulates Myelin Sheath Thickness , 2004, Science.

[243]  D. Pham‐Dinh,et al.  Alexander disease: putative mechanisms of an astrocytic encephalopathy , 2004, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences CMLS.

[244]  M. Filbin Myelin-associated inhibitors of axonal regeneration in the adult mammalian CNS , 2003, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[245]  Klaus-Armin Nave,et al.  Inactivation of ether lipid biosynthesis causes male infertility, defects in eye development and optic nerve hypoplasia in mice. , 2003, Human molecular genetics.

[246]  Robert Layfield,et al.  Oligodendrocytes Promote Neuronal Survival and Axonal Length by Distinct Intracellular Mechanisms: A Novel Role for Oligodendrocyte-Derived Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor , 2003, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[247]  E. Shooter,et al.  The Neurotrophin Receptor p75NTR as a Positive Modulator of Myelination , 2002, Science.

[248]  A. Peters The effects of normal aging on myelin and nerve fibers: A review , 2002, Journal of neurocytology.

[249]  Bruce M Altevogt,et al.  Connexin29 Is Uniquely Distributed within Myelinating Glial Cells of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems , 2002, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[250]  H. Müller,et al.  Proteins of peripheral myelin are associated with glycosphingolipid/cholesterol‐enriched membranes , 2002, Journal of neuroscience research.

[251]  P. Wood,et al.  N-Cadherin Mediates Axon-Aligned Process Growth and Cell–Cell Interaction in Rat Schwann Cells , 2002, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[252]  M. Wegner,et al.  Terminal differentiation of myelin-forming oligodendrocytes depends on the transcription factor Sox10. , 2002, Genes & development.

[253]  L. Wrabetz,et al.  Conditional disruption of β1 integrin in Schwann cells impedes interactions with axons , 2002, The Journal of cell biology.

[254]  Mark H. Ellisman,et al.  Filamentous actin is concentrated in specific subpopulations of neuronal and glial structures in rat central nervous system , 2001, Brain Research.

[255]  J. Medina,et al.  Oligodendrocytes use lactate as a source of energy and as a precursor of lipids , 2001, Glia.

[256]  R. Schutgens,et al.  Mutations of MLC1 (KIAA0027), encoding a putative membrane protein, cause megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts. , 2001, American journal of human genetics.

[257]  O. Bizzozero,et al.  Chemical deacylation reduces the adhesive properties of proteolipid protein and leads to decompaction of the myelin sheath , 2001, Journal of neurochemistry.

[258]  A. Lee,et al.  Myelin: Delivery by raft , 2001, Current Biology.

[259]  C. Bolton,et al.  Pathological findings in the x-linked form of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: a morphometric and ultrastructural analysis , 2001, Acta Neuropathologica.

[260]  M. Simons,et al.  Assembly of Myelin by Association of Proteolipid Protein with Cholesterol- and Galactosylceramide-Rich Membrane Domains , 2000, The Journal of cell biology.

[261]  G. Rougon,et al.  Negative regulation of central nervous system myelination by polysialylated-neural cell adhesion molecule. , 2000, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[262]  D. Hartline,et al.  The need for speed. I. Fast reactions and myelinated axons in copepods , 2000, Journal of Comparative Physiology A.

[263]  S. Scherer,et al.  On the molecular architecture of myelinated fibers , 2000, Histochemistry and Cell Biology.

[264]  S. Brodie,et al.  CNS Myelin and Sertoli Cell Tight Junction Strands Are Absent in Osp/Claudin-11 Null Mice , 1999, Cell.

[265]  P. Caroni,et al.  Peripheral nervous system defects in erbB2 mutants following genetic rescue of heart development. , 1999, Genes & development.

[266]  J. Carson,et al.  RNA on the road to myelin , 1999, Journal of neurocytology.

[267]  K. Nave,et al.  Axonal swellings and degeneration in mice lacking the major proteolipid of myelin. , 1998, Science.

[268]  Virginia M. Y. Lee,et al.  Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein Is a Myelin Signal that Modulates the Caliber of Myelinated Axons , 1998, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[269]  R. Rudick,et al.  Axonal transection in the lesions of multiple sclerosis. , 1998, The New England journal of medicine.

[270]  D. Riethmacher,et al.  Severe neuropathies in mice with targeted mutations in the ErbB3 receptor , 1997, Nature.

[271]  R. Dringen,et al.  Metabolic pathways for glucose in astrocytes , 1997, Glia.

[272]  I. Duncan,et al.  Microtubule Organization and Stability in the Oligodendrocyte , 1997, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[273]  K. Willecke,et al.  Structural Abnormalities and Deficient Maintenance of Peripheral Nerve Myelin in Mice Lacking the Gap Junction Protein Connexin 32 , 1997, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[274]  I. Duncan,et al.  Induction of sodium channel clustering by oligodendrocytes , 1997, Nature.

[275]  V. Perry,et al.  Axonal damage in acute multiple sclerosis lesions. , 1997, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[276]  A. Blight,et al.  Myelination in the Absence of Galactocerebroside and Sulfatide: Normal Structure with Abnormal Function and Regional Instability , 1996, Cell.

[277]  M. Rosenfeld,et al.  Tst-1/Oct-6/SCIP regulates a unique step in peripheral myelination and is required for normal respiration. , 1996, Genes & development.

[278]  M. Yoshida,et al.  Parallel Evolution and Coexpression of the Proteolipid Proteins and Protein Zero in Vertebrate Myelin , 1996, Neuron.

[279]  M. Schachner,et al.  Mice doubly deficient in the genes for P0 and myelin basic protein show that both proteins contribute to the formation of the major dense line in peripheral nerve myelin , 1995, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[280]  B. Trapp,et al.  Organization of microtubules in myelinating Schwann cells , 1994, Journal of neurocytology.

[281]  S. Schneider-Maunoury,et al.  Krox-20 controls myelination in the peripheral nervous system , 1994, Nature.

[282]  J. Roder,et al.  Myelination in the absence of myelin-associated glycoprotein , 1994, Nature.

[283]  C. Hildebrand,et al.  Myelination and myelin sheath remodelling in normal and pathological PNS nerve fibres , 1994, Progress in Neurobiology.

[284]  A. Munnich,et al.  X–linked spastic paraplegia and Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease are allelic disorders at the proteolipid protein locus , 1994, Nature Genetics.

[285]  R. Kaul,et al.  Cloning of the human aspartoacylase cDNA and a common missense mutation in Canavan disease , 1993, Nature genetics.

[286]  A. Warrington,et al.  The oligodendrocyte and its many cellular processes. , 1993, Trends in cell biology.

[287]  H. Persson,et al.  Myelinated nerve fibres in the CNS , 1993, Progress in Neurobiology.

[288]  Jean Mosser,et al.  Putative X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy gene shares unexpected homology with ABC transporters , 1993, Nature.

[289]  M. Schachner,et al.  Mouse P 0 gene disruption leads to hypomyelination, abnormal expression of recognition molecules, and degeneration of myelin and axons , 1992, Cell.

[290]  Scott T. Brady,et al.  Local modulation of neurofilament phosphorylation, axonal caliber, and slow axonal transport by myelinating Schwann cells , 1992, Cell.

[291]  R. Mirsky,et al.  Role of Cyclic AMP and Proliferation Controls in Schwann Cell Differentiation a , 1991, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[292]  B. Trapp,et al.  Role of myelin Po protein as a homophilic adhesion molecule , 1990, Nature.

[293]  Carol Readhead,et al.  Expression of a myelin basic protein gene in transgenic shiverer mice: Correction of the dysmyelinating phenotype , 1987, Cell.

[294]  Naoki Takahashi,et al.  Chromosomal mapping of mouse myelin basic protein gene and structure and transcription of the partially deleted gene in shiverer mutant mice , 1985, Cell.

[295]  A. Frey,et al.  Synthesis and incorporation of myelin polypeptides into CNS myelin , 1982, The Journal of cell biology.

[296]  D. Kirschner,et al.  Compact myelin exists in the absence of basic protein in the shiverer mutant mouse , 1980, Nature.

[297]  R. Gould Incorporation of glycoproteins into peripheral nerve myelin , 1977, The Journal of cell biology.

[298]  R. Sturrock Changes in neurologia and myelination in the white matter of aging mice. , 1976, Journal of gerontology.

[299]  R. Gould,et al.  Incorporation of newly formed lecithin into peripheral nerve myelin , 1976, The Journal of cell biology.

[300]  S E Poduslo,et al.  MYELINATION IN RAT BRAIN: CHANGES IN MYELIN COMPOSITION DURING BRAIN MATURATION 1 , 1973, Journal of neurochemistry.

[301]  W. Norton,et al.  MYELINATION IN RAT BRAIN: METHOD OF MYELIN ISOLATION 1 , 1973, Journal of neurochemistry.

[302]  R. Bunge,et al.  Glial cells and the central myelin sheath. , 1968, Physiological reviews.

[303]  A. Peters A RADIAL COMPONENT OF CENTRAL MYELIN SHEATHS , 1961, The Journal of biophysical and biochemical cytology.

[304]  Ichiji Tasaki,et al.  THE ELECTRO-SALTATORY TRANSMISSION OF THE NERVE IMPULSE AND THE EFFECT OF NARCOSIS UPON THE NERVE FIBER , 1939 .