Recollection and familiarity deficits in amnesia: convergence of remember-know, process dissociation, and receiver operating characteristic data.

Previous studies using the process dissociation and the remember-know procedures led to conflicting conclusions regarding the effects of anterograde amnesia on recollection and familiarity. We argue that these apparent contradictions arose because different models were used to interpret the results and because differences in false-alarm rates between groups biased the estimates provided by those models. A reanalysis of those studies with a dual-process signal-detection model that incorporates response bias revealed that amnesia led to a pronounced reduction in recollection and smaller but consistent reduction in familiarity. To test the assumptions of the model and to further assess recognition deficits in amnesics, we examined receiver operating characteristics (ROCs) in amnesics and controls. The ROCs of the controls were curved and asymmetrical, whereas those of the amnesics were curved and symmetrical. The results supported the predictions of the model and indicated that amnesia was associated with deficits in both recollection and familiarity.

[1]  G. Mandler.  Recognizing: The judgment of previous occurrence. , 1980 .

[2]  R. Kinchla.  Comments on Batchelder and Riefer's multinomial model for source monitoring. , 1994, Psychological review.

[3]  L. Jacoby,et al.  Attributions of familiarity in amnesia: Evidence from a fame judgment task. , 1993 .

[4]  R. Ratcliff,et al.  Testing global memory models using ROC curves. , 1992 .

[5]  A. Yonelinas.  Recognition memory ROCs for item and associative information: The contribution of recollection and familiarity , 1997, Memory & cognition.

[6]  H L Roediger,et al.  Implicit memory. Retention without remembering. , 1990, The American psychologist.

[7]  Mieke Verfaellie,et al.  Fluency versus conscious recollection in the word completion performance of amnesic patients , 1992, Brain and Cognition.

[8]  E. Renzi,et al.  The pattern of neuropsychological impairment associated with left posterior cerebral artery infarcts. , 1987, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[9]  Andrew P. Yonelinas,et al.  The relation between conscious and unconscious (automatic) influences: A declaration of independence. , 1997 .

[10]  Jonathan R. Treadwell,et al.  Status of recognition memory in amnesia. , 1993 .

[11]  E. Tulving.  Memory and consciousness. , 1985 .

[12]  Depth of processing and retention of words by alcoholic Korsakoff patients. , 1978 .

[13]  L R Squire,et al.  Remembering and knowing: two different expressions of declarative memory. , 1995, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[14]  L. Jacoby,et al.  On the relationship between autobiographical memory and perceptual learning. , 1981, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[15]  J. Aggleton,et al.  Amnesia and recognition memory: A re-analysis of psychometric data , 1996, Neuropsychologia.

[16]  Andrew P. Yonelinas,et al.  Separating conscious and unconscious influences of memory: measuring recollection , 1993 .

[17]  L R Squire,et al.  On the relationship between recall and recognition memory. , 1992, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[18]  Jeffrey P. Toth,et al.  Conceptual automaticity in recognition memory: levels-of-processing effects on familiarity. , 1996, Canadian journal of experimental psychology = Revue canadienne de psychologie experimentale.

[19]  L. Squire,et al.  Preserved learning and retention of pattern-analyzing skill in amnesia: dissociation of knowing how and knowing that. , 1980, Science.

[20]  Robert A. Bjork,et al.  Measures of Memory , 1988 .

[21]  B. Murdock.  Human memory: Theory and data. , 1975 .

[22]  Felicia A. Huppert,et al.  The Role of Trace Strength in Recency and Frequency Judgements by Amnesic and Control Subjects , 1978, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology.

[23]  L. Jacoby,et al.  Response bias and the process-dissociation procedure , 1996 .

[24]  K. McDermott,et al.  Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. , 1995 .

[25]  Andrew P. Yonelinas,et al.  Incorporating Response Bias in a Dual-Process Theory of Memory , 1995 .

[26]  C. Reynolds,et al.  Wechsler memory scale-revised , 1988 .

[27]  A. Mayes,et al.  Assessment of familiarity and recollection in the false fame paradigm using a modified process dissociation procedure , 1995, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society.

[28]  William P. Milberg,et al.  Memory Conjunction Errors in Normal and Amnesic Subjects , 1996 .

[29]  M. Verfaellie.  A re-examination of recognition memory in amnesia: Reply to Roediger and McDermott. , 1994 .

[30]  D. Schacter,et al.  Implicit memory: a selective review. , 1993, Annual review of neuroscience.

[31]  L. Squire,et al.  Human amnesia and the medial temporal region: enduring memory impairment following a bilateral lesion limited to field CA1 of the hippocampus , 1986, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[32]  D. Neary,et al.  Do amnesics adopt inefficient encoding strategies with faces and random shapes? , 1980, Neuropsychologia.

[33]  W. Kintsch,et al.  Memory and cognition , 1977 .

[34]  L. Jacoby.  A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory , 1991 .

[35]  Jonathan W. Schooler,et al.  Scientific Approaches to Consciousness , 1997 .

[36]  D. Schacter,et al.  The Neuropsychology of Memory Illusions: False Recall and Recognition in Amnesic Patients , 1996 .

[37]  J. Gardiner,et al.  Forgetting in recognition memory with and without recollective experience , 1991, Memory & cognition.

[38]  Richard C. Atkinson,et al.  Search and decision processes in recognition memory. , 1974 .

[39]  P. Suppes,et al.  Contemporary Developments in Mathematical Psychology , 1976 .

[40]  A. Yonelinas,et al.  Signal-Detection, Threshold, and Dual-Process Models of Recognition Memory: ROCs and Conscious Recollection , 1996, Consciousness and Cognition.

[41]  B. Volpe,et al.  More on recognition and recall in amnesics. , 1988, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[42]  R Ratcliff,et al.  Empirical generality of data from recognition memory receiver-operating characteristic functions and implications for the global memory models. , 1994, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[43]  L. Jacoby,et al.  The Relation between Remembering and Knowing as Bases for Recognition: Effects of Size Congruency , 1995 .

[44]  D. Schacter,et al.  Illusory memories in amnesic patients: conceptual and perceptual false recognition. , 1997, Neuropsychology.

[45]  A. Pickering,et al.  Is Organic Amnesia Caused by a Selective Deficit in Remembering Contextual Information? , 1985, Cortex.

[46]  G Mandler,et al.  The information that amnesic patients do not forget. , 1984, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[47]  Robert T. Knight,et al.  Cohesion Failure as a Source of Memory Illusions , 1996 .

[48]  G H Glover,et al.  Separate neural bases of two fundamental memory processes in the human medial temporal lobe. , 1997, Science.

[49]  H. Eichenbaum,et al.  Two functional components of the hippocampal memory system , 1994, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[50]  William Hirst,et al.  The amnesic syndrome: Descriptions and explanations. , 1982 .

[51]  J. C. Ogilvie,et al.  Maximum-likelihood estimation of receiver operating characteristic curve parameters , 1968 .

[52]  R. Knight.  Contribution of human hippocampal region to novelty detection , 1996, Nature.

[53]  A. Yonelinas.  Receiver-operating characteristics in recognition memory: evidence for a dual-process model. , 1994, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[54]  L. Jacoby,et al.  The Relationship Between Conscious and Unconscious Influences : Independence or Redundancy ? , 2004 .

[55]  B. Fischhoff,et al.  Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory , 1980 .

[56]  J. Deese.  On the prediction of occurrence of particular verbal intrusions in immediate recall. , 1959, Journal of experimental psychology.

[57]  D. V. von Cramon,et al.  Verbal memory and learning in unilateral posterior cerebral infarction. A report on 30 cases. , 1988, Brain : a journal of neurology.