Development and Testing of a Magnetically Actuated Capsule Endoscopy for Obesity Treatment

Intra-gastric balloons (IGB) have become an efficient and less invasive method for obesity treatment. The use of traditional IGBs require complex insertion tools and flexible endoscopes to place and remove the balloon inside the patient’s stomach, which may cause discomfort and complications to the patient. This paper introduces a new ingestible weight-loss capsule with a magnetically remote-controlled inflatable and deflatable balloon. To inflate the balloon, biocompatible effervescent chemicals are used. As the source of the actuation is provided via external magnetic fields, the magnetic capsule size can be significantly reduced compared to current weight-loss capsules in the literature. In addition, there are no limitations on the power supply. To lose weight, the obese subject needs only to swallow the magnetic capsule with a glass of water. Once the magnetic capsule has reached the patient’s stomach, the balloon will be wirelessly inflated to occupy gastric space and give the feeling of satiety. The balloon can be wirelessly deflated at any time to allow the magnetic capsule to travel down the intestine and exit the body via normal peristalsis. The optimal ratio between the acid and base to provide the desired gas volume is experimentally evaluated and presented. A prototype capsule (9.6mm x 27mm) is developed and experimentally validated in ex-vivo experiments. The unique ease of delivery and expulsion of the proposed magnetic capsule is slated to make this development a good treatment option for people seeking to lose excess weight.

[1]  Cheng-Long Chuang,et al.  Magnetic Control System Targeted for Capsule Endoscopic Operations in the Stomach—Design, Fabrication, and in vitro and ex vivo Evaluations , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[2]  J. R. Scotti,et al.  Available From , 1973 .

[3]  J. Dumonceau,et al.  Evidence-based Review of the Bioenterics Intragastric Balloon for Weight Loss , 2008, Obesity surgery.

[4]  Mahdi Rasouli,et al.  An ingestible wireless capsule for treatment of obesity , 2010, 2010 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology.

[5]  Roger W. Pryor,et al.  Multiphysics Modeling Using COMSOL®: A First Principles Approach , 2009 .

[6]  Metin Sitti,et al.  Biopsy using a Magnetic Capsule Endoscope Carrying, Releasing, and Retrieving Untethered Microgrippers , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[7]  M. Nutt,et al.  Are intra-gastric adjustable balloon system safe? A case series. , 2013, International journal of surgery case reports.

[8]  S. Saeki,et al.  Dynamics of Capsule Swallowing by Healthy Young Men and Capsule Transit Time from the Mouth to the Stomach , 2007, Dysphagia.

[9]  S. Gonlachanvit,et al.  Normal Solid Gastric Emptying Values Measured by Scintigraphy Using Asian-style Meal:A Multicenter Study in Healthy Volunteers , 2014, Journal of neurogastroenterology and motility.

[10]  N. Basso,et al.  Intragastric Balloon Followed by Diet vs Intragastric Balloon Followed by Another Balloon: A Prospective Study on 100 Patients , 2010, Obesity surgery.

[11]  M. Akın,et al.  Five Percent Weight Lost in the First Month of Intragastric Balloon Treatment May Be a Predictor for Long-Term Weight Maintenance , 2013, Obesity Surgery.

[12]  G. D. De Palma,et al.  Heliosphere® Bag in the Treatment of Severe Obesity: Preliminary Experience , 2006, Obesity surgery.

[13]  Metin Sitti,et al.  Shape-Programmable Soft Capsule Robots for Semi-Implantable Drug Delivery , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Robotics.

[14]  Allen R Nissenson,et al.  Dietary potassium intake and mortality in long-term hemodialysis patients. , 2010, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

[15]  Bernard Dallemagne,et al.  The BioEnterics Intragastric Balloon (BIB): How to Use it , 2001, Obesity surgery.

[16]  Jeffrey Brooks,et al.  Adjustable Intragastric Balloons: A 12-Month Pilot Trial in Endoscopic Weight Loss Management , 2011, Obesity surgery.

[17]  C. Martínez-Cervell,et al.  Safety and Effectiveness of the Intragastric Balloon for Obesity. A Meta-Analysis , 2008, Obesity surgery.

[18]  Kyoungchul Kong,et al.  A Robotic Biopsy Device for Capsule Endoscopy , 2012 .

[19]  Weihua Li,et al.  A Review of Localization Systems for Robotic Endoscopic Capsules , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[20]  J. Behar,et al.  Gastrointestinal Motility in Health and Disease , 1978, Springer Netherlands.

[21]  Mao Li,et al.  A Cubic 3-Axis Magnetic Sensor Array for Wirelessly Tracking Magnet Position and Orientation , 2010, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[22]  Liang Yan,et al.  Capsule Robot for Obesity Treatment With Wireless Powering and Communication , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[23]  Henrik Harboe,et al.  INTRAGASTRIC BALLOON AS AN ARTIFICIAL BEZOAR FOR TREATMENT OF OBESITY , 1982, The Lancet.

[24]  A. Ercetin,et al.  Comparison of Short-Term Results of Laparoscopic Gastric Plication and Intragastric Balloon , 2015 .

[25]  K. Triantafyllou,et al.  Intragastric Balloon Left in the Stomach for More than a Year: Two Case Reports , 2012, Obesity Facts.

[26]  G. Tytgat,et al.  Intragastric balloon for treatment-resistant obesity: safety, tolerance, and efficacy of 1-year balloon treatment followed by a 1-year balloon-free follow-up. , 2005, Gastrointestinal endoscopy.

[27]  Pietro Valdastri,et al.  Wireless Insufflation of the Gastrointestinal Tract , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[29]  Juhua Gou,et al.  Body Position Adjustment May Facilitate Capsule Endoscopic Real-Time Examination in Patients with a Large Amount of Food Retention in the Stomach , 2014, Clinical endoscopy.

[30]  F. Podczeck,et al.  The influence of non‐disintegrating tablet dimensions and density on their gastric emptying in fasted volunteers , 2007, The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology.

[31]  J. N. Hunt,et al.  Does lying on the right side increase the rate of gastric emptying? , 1980, The Journal of physiology.

[32]  Padraig Cantillon-Murphy,et al.  Catheter Position Tracking System Using Planar Magnetics and Closed Loop Current Control , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.

[33]  Sandra Coulon,et al.  Safety of the Ullorex® Oral Intragastric Balloon for the Treatment of Obesity , 2007, Journal of diabetes science and technology.

[34]  Tegoeh Tjahjowidodo,et al.  A new approach of friction model for tendon-sheath actuated surgical systems: Nonlinear modelling and parameter identification , 2015 .

[35]  G. López-Nava,et al.  BioEnterics® Intragastric Balloon (BIB®). Single Ambulatory Center Spanish Experience with 714 Consecutive Patients Treated with One or Two Consecutive Balloons , 2011, Obesity surgery.

[36]  N Salessiotis,et al.  Measurement of the diameter of the pylorus in man. I. Experimental project for clinical application. , 1972, American journal of surgery.

[37]  E. Silvestri,et al.  Air-Filled vs Water-Filled Intragastric Balloon: a Prospective Randomized Study , 2012, Obesity Surgery.

[38]  A. Johnson,et al.  Direct measurement of pyloric diameter and tone in man and their response to cholecystokinin , 1978 .

[39]  Jake J. Abbott,et al.  Managing the attractive magnetic force between an untethered magnetically actuated tool and a rotating permanent magnet , 2013, 2013 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation.

[40]  P. Box Intragastric balloon for treatment-resistant obesity: Safety, tolerance, and efficacy of 1-year balloon treatment followed by a 1-year balloon-free follow-up , 2005 .

[41]  K. Higuchi,et al.  In vivo trial of a driving system for a self-propelling capsule endoscope using a magnetic field (with video). , 2010, Gastrointestinal endoscopy.

[42]  Tegoeh Tjahjowidodo,et al.  Adaptive control of position compensation for Cable-Conduit Mechanisms used in flexible surgical robots , 2014, 2014 11th International Conference on Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics (ICINCO).

[43]  P. Valdastri,et al.  Magnetic Torsion Spring Mechanism for a Wireless Biopsy Capsule , 2013 .

[44]  T. Olbers,et al.  Bariatric surgery: the challenges with candidate selection, individualizing treatment and clinical outcomes , 2013, BMC Medicine.

[45]  A. Lorenzo,et al.  Body composition modification in obese patients treated with intragastric balloon , 2003, Acta Diabetologica.